One of the first technological precursors of film is the pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura, which was first described in detail by Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), and later perfected by Giambattista della Porta.

Using camera obscura, it was possible to project a moving image, but there was no means of recording the image for later viewing.

In optics, Shen Kuo independently developed a camera obscura.

This was a step towards the first permanent photograph from nature taken with a camera obscura, in 1826.

In the 6th century AD, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments, Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) ( 965 – 1040 ) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus ( 1193 – 1280 ) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius ( 1516 – 71 ) discovered silver chloride.

The discovery of the ' camera obscura ' that provides an image of a scene is very old, dating back to ancient China.

So the invention of photography was really concerned with finding a means to fix and retain the image in the camera obscura.

Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art.

The camera obscura literally means " dark chamber " in Latin.

He made the first permanent photograph from nature ( his View from the Window at Le Gras ) with a camera obscura in 1826.

The camera ( or ' camera obscura ') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image.

Generally considered the earliest surviving stabilized photograph of a scene from nature taken with a camera obscura.

A three tier belvedere built in 1891 survives ; it was built on the site of a camera obscura, probably built in the 1830s, which showed views of the harbour.

His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.

* The camera obscura

The pair soon invented camera obscura telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk, and observed that the spots moved.

A drawing of a camera obscura

A projection of an image of the New Royal Palace in Prague Castle created with a camera obscura

During a taping of Mason's monologue Sullivan, off camera, gestured that Mason should wrap things up by giving him two fingers, meaning " two minutes left ", as the show was suddenly shown live following an abbreviated address by President Lyndon Johnson, which was expected to preempt the entire show.

The meaning of the term changed over time, from the simple single voice madrigal of the early 17th century, to the multi-voice " cantata da camera " and the " cantata da chiesa " of the later part of that century, from the more substantial dramatic forms of the 18th century ( including the 200-odd church and secular cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach ) to the usually sacred-texted 19th-century cantata, which was effectively a type of short oratorio.

* The overall system should be versatile, meaning it can be scaled and expanded, such as connecting a video camera, or dub between two players.

Back at their hotel, a French waiter named Pierre ( Marcel Hillaire ) takes notice of their camera and its French inscription dix à la propriétaire, meaning ten to an owner.

They are either synchronized with the camera using a flash synchronization cable or radio signal, or are light-triggered, meaning that only one flash unit needs to be synchronized with the camera, and in turn triggers the other units.

In APEX, luminance value and incident light value are numerically equal, so that for a given “ light value ”, either meaning 2 or 3 would result in the same camera settings.

In his review in The New York Times, Ben Brantley called it a " deeply felt revival " and a " revitalizing production of a play often dismissed as a soggy period piece " and added, " Ms. Merkerson allows a kind of intimate access traditionally afforded by cinematic close-ups, when the camera finds shades of meaning in impassive faces.

In camera ( Latin: " in a chamber ") is a legal term meaning " in private ".

To make matters worse, most autofocus lenses with a focus ring ( such as those on most consumer and prosumer camcorders ) are not " true " manual focus lenses, meaning that turning the ring does not directly adjust the elements inside the lens but rather actuates the electronics inside the camera which predict how the focus should go depending on how fast or far the ring was turned.

The term " sousveillance " stems from the contrasting French words sur, meaning " above ", and sous, meaning " below ", i. e. " surveillance " denotes the " eye-in-the-sky " watching from above, whereas " sousveillance " denotes bringing the camera or other means of observation down to human level, either physically ( mounting cameras on people rather than on buildings ), or hierarchically ( ordinary people doing the watching, rather than higher authorities or architectures doing the watching ).

Instead, Brescia turns the film into an art house picture, utilizing a variety of cinematic techniques and camera tricks to act as symbols or give deeper meaning to the film.

Since there was no official specification of what the film speeds should actually be — they were just " low " and " high "— film and camera manufacturers had to decide for themselves the meaning.

The exposure latitude of the then existing color print films was about 2 f / stops ( meaning that a photographer could expose either 2 f / stops under or 2 f / stops over the exposure set by the camera ).

For a standard motion picture film runs at 24 frames per second ( fps ), meaning the discs that makes up the camera shutter rotates 24 times per second.

The time where cathodes aren't emitting electrons of high enough energy is very short, meaning that safe ( flicker-free ) filming can occur at camera framerates up to 10, 000 frame / s on most electronic ballasts.

Roughly put, the person using a camera might think that they are operating its controls to produce a picture that shows the world the way they want it to be seen, but it is the pre-programmed character of the camera that sets the parameters of this act and it is the apparatus that shapes the meaning of the resulting image.

These include: the ' apparatus ' ( a tool that changes the meaning of the world in contrast to what he calls mechanical tools that work to change the world itself ); the ' functionary ' ( the photographer or operator of the camera who is bound by the rules it sets ); the ' programme ' ( a ' system in which chance becomes necessity ' and a game ' in which every virtuality, even the least probable, will be realized of necessity if the game is played for a sufficiently long time ', (' Our Programme ' ( 1983 ), POP 2. 2, p. 211 ); the ' technical image ' ( the first example of which is the photograph, with its particular kind of significant surface that looks like a traditional image but harbours encoded and obscure concepts that cannot be ' immediately ' deciphered, ( see ' Towards a Philosophy of Photography ', Reaktion Books, 2000, pp 14-20 )).

Use of a two-way mirror system allowed the script image to be reflected onto a sheet of glass in front of the camera lens, meaning that the presenters were able to read their lines straight from the script while looking directly into the camera.

The video from this camera is then transmitted to the fraudsters, who may be waiting near the machine and viewing the video on a laptop computer, meaning they need not approach the victim directly.

The way in which a person is framed in that shot has a specific meaning, ( for example, if the camera holds a person in the frame but that person is at one extreme or other of the frame, this could suggest a sense of imprisonment ).

After following a route where various judging points are located, the mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on " The Stage " to be judged once and for all – this is usually the climax for revelers because the stage is literally their own to portray their costumes to the onlooking audience in the North and Grand Stands and also the video-photographers and other camera persons.

The term credit roll comes from the early production days when the names were literally printed on a roll of paper and wound past the camera lens.

A dolly grip is also employed when the camera is operated in handheld mode ( on the operator's shoulders or literally in their hands ).

The entire cast of the play stands backstage rehearsing their lines while literally stuffing their mouths full of Pringles, with the logos of all five cans clearly facing towards the camera.