The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, mostly in a ratio of 1: 2: 1 ( generalized formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n </ sub > O < sub > n </ sub >, where n is at least 3 ).

A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde or keto form.

* Glycogen, on the other hand, is an animal carbohydrate ; humans and other animals use it as a form of energy storage.

The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex.

In food science and in many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch ( such as cereals, bread, and pasta ) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar ( found in candy, jams, and desserts ).

This usage of " d -" and " l -" is no longer followed in carbohydrate chemistry.

Carbohydrates are a common source of energy in living organisms ; however, no carbohydrate is an essential nutrient in humans.

Food is similar to hydrocarbon fuel and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized, its caloric content is similar ( though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy ).

However, when refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate and lacks the majority of the other nutrients.

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate, 65 % of which is stored in skeletal muscles and the remainder, in the liver ( totaling about 2, 000 kcal in the whole body ).

A disaccharide or biose is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only.

The woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate.

Agarose is composed of long unbranched chains of uncharged carbohydrate without cross links resulting in a gel with large pores allowing for the separation of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes.

It is also a major site of carbohydrate synthesis.

Hypoglycemia is treated by restoring the blood glucose level to normal by the ingestion or administration of dextrose or carbohydrate foods.

However, this treatment is not optimal in other forms such as reactive hypoglycemia, where rapid carbohydrate ingestion may lead to a further hypoglycemic episode.

This amount of carbohydrate is contained in about 3-4 ounces ( 100-120 ml ) of orange, apple, or grape juice although fruit juices contain a higher proportion of fructose which is more slowly metabolized than pure dextrose, alternatively, about 4-5 ounces ( 120-150 ml ) of regular ( non-diet ) soda may also work, as will about one slice of bread, about 4 crackers, or about 1 serving of most starchy foods.

A mnemonic used by the American Diabetes Association and others is the " rule of 15 "-consuming 15 grams of carbohydrate followed by a 15 minute wait, repeated if glucose remains low ( variable by individual, sometimes 70 mg / dl ).

* Intramolecular aglycon delivery, a stereospecific glycosylation technique in organic carbohydrate chemistry

Winter cover crop effects on soil organic carbon and carbohydrate in soil.

Some bacteria like Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria can tolerate lower pH levels because they produce organic acid and products from carbohydrate metabolism.

Traditionally the inherited metabolic diseases were categorized as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, organic acid metabolism, or lysosomal storage diseases.

In carbohydrate chemistry carbohydrate acetalisation is an organic reaction and a very effective means of providing a protecting group.

Formerly the name " carbohydrate " was used in chemistry for any compound with the formula C < sub > m </ sub > ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ) < sub > n </ sub >.

It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism.

Molisch's test ( named after Austrian botanist Hans Molisch ) is a sensitive chemical test for the presence of carbohydrates, based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid to produce an aldehyde, which condenses with two molecules of phenol ( usually α-naphthol, though other phenols ( e. g. resorcinol, thymol ) also give colored products ), resulting in a red-or purple-colored compound.

Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer that is indigestible because humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it.

This coat consists of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Lipid A consists of two glucosamine ( carbohydrate / sugar ) units with attached acyl chains (" fatty acids "), and normally containing one phosphate group on each carbohydrate.

Fructose, on the other hand, is a carbohydrate which is neither ; it is absorbed, but in humans processed only in the liver and in sperm, the only tissues which have the required enzymes.

* Lactose – a disacchararide characteristic of milk, and the only carbohydrate with a beta attachement ( characteristic of cellulose ) for which humans ever have an enzyme which can break the bond.

Add to this the complexity of the numerous proteins involved, not only as carriers of carbohydrate, the glycoproteins, but proteins specifically involved in binding and reacting with carbohydrate:

Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict's reagent, due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties, which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains.

The roots and rhizomes not only function in water and nutrient absorption but also play a very important role in over-winter carbohydrate storage.

or after simplifying so sugar alcohols which are included in the carbohydrate count on US nutrition labels only appears once:

The components used in de novo nucleotide synthesis are derived from biosynthetic precursors of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Carbon fixation is a redox reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply both a source of energy to drive this process, and the electrons needed to convert carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate, which is a reduction reaction.

: carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water

: carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen

To be more specific, carbon fixation produces an intermediate product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products.

Carbohydrates consist of “ hydrated carbon ”, i. e. n. Monosaccharides are a carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed into a simpler carbohydrate and are the building blocks of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis.

While working together, the two men also used carbon-11 to demonstrate that plant cells had the capacity to use carbon dioxide for carbohydrate synthesis, through carbon fixation .< ref >

Cyanobacteria usually obtain a fixed carbon ( carbohydrate ) by photosynthesis.

Nitrogen isotopes in bone collagen are ultimately derived from dietary protein, while carbon can be contributed by protein, carbohydrate, or fat in the diet.