Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present.

Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

# Closely related to the ANOVA is a linear model fit with coefficient estimates and standard errors.

An algebraic integer is an algebraic number which is a root of a polynomial with integer coefficients with leading coefficient 1 ( a monic polynomial ).

The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer ( LET ) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle.

Moreover, if any coefficient is a fixed power of 2, the multiplication can be replaced by bit shifting.

auxiliary regression is TR < sup > 2 </ sup >, where T is the sample size and R < sup > 2 </ sup > is the coefficient of determination.

There are two parts to Einstein's theory: the first part consists in the formulation of a diffusion equation for Brownian particles, in which the diffusion coefficient is related to the mean squared displacement of a Brownian particle, while the second part consists in relating the diffusion coefficient to measurable physical quantities.

He writes for the diffusion coefficient, where is the osmotic pressure and is the ratio of the frictional force to the molecular viscosity which he assumes is given by Stokes's formula for the viscosity.

Note that t < sup > 0 </ sup > = 1, ( 1 − t )< sup > 0 </ sup > = 1, and that the binomial coefficient,, also expressed as or is:

They are indexed by two nonnegative integers ; the binomial coefficient indexed by n and k is usually written.

It is the coefficient of the x < sup > k </ sup > term in the polynomial expansion of the binomial power ( 1 + x )< sup > n </ sup >.

Under suitable circumstances the value of the coefficient is given by the expression.

For any set containing n elements, the number of distinct k-element subsets of it that can be formed ( the k-combinations of its elements ) is given by the binomial coefficient.

This shows in particular that is a natural number for any natural numbers n and k. There are many other combinatorial interpretations of binomial coefficients ( counting problems for which the answer is given by a binomial coefficient expression ), for instance the number of words formed of n bits ( digits 0 or 1 ) whose sum is k is given by, while the number of ways to write where every a < sub > i </ sub > is a nonnegative integer is given by.

In traditional prediction, given the data used to model the problem, with a reasoned specification and technique, an analyst can state, within a certain percentage of statistical error, the likelihood of a coefficient being within a certain numerical bound.

Optimized numerical methods for LU factorization are available and hence efficient solution algorithms for equation systems with a block tridiagonal matrix as coefficient matrix.

Two tests must be passed before applying the Sūtras, ( 1 ) the sums of the ratios of the numerical numerator to the coefficient of the variable term in the denominator must be equal and ( 2 ) the sums of the ratios of the numerical numerator to the numerical term in the denominator must be equal.

The coefficient of relationship is sometimes used to express degrees of kinship in numerical terms in human genealogy.

The Immirzi parameter ( also known as the Barbero-Immirzi parameter ) is a numerical coefficient appearing in loop quantum gravity, a nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity.

A numerical coefficient is given to each firm, defining its relative efficiency.

is the critical dimension, or finest line resolvable, is a coefficient expressing process-related factors, is the wavelength of the light, and is the numerical aperture.

By knowing the detailed effects of diffusion gradients we can generate a formula that allows us to convert the signal attenuation of an MRI voxel into a numerical measure of diffusion — the diffusion coefficient D. When various barriers and restricting factors such as cell membranes and microtubules interfere with the free diffusion, we are measuring an " apparent diffusion coefficient " or ADC because the measurement misses all the local effects and treats it as if all the movement rates were solely due to Brownian motion.

These losses depend on fiber diameter and length, absorption coefficient, the mean value of the loss per internal reflection and last, but not least, on the angular distribution of the incident light.

The coefficient a in the term of x < sup > b </ sup > y < sup > c </ sup > is known as the binomial coefficient or ( the two have the same value ).

The self-diffusion coefficient of water has been experimentally determined with high accuracy and thus serves often as a reference value for measurements on other liquids.

and for an observer at a constant value of r, the rate at which a clock ticks, R ( r ), is the square root of the time coefficient, R ( r )= r.

This relationship is represented in a linear regression where the change in unemployment rate () is a function of an intercept (), a given value of GNP growth multiplied by a slope coefficient and an error term,:

The boundary solution between an underdamped oscillator and an overdamped oscillator occurs at a particular value of the friction coefficient and is called " critically damped.

where n is a natural number, the coefficients are elements of R, and X is a formal symbol, whose powers X < sup > i </ sup > are just placeholders for the corresponding coefficients a < sub > i </ sub >, so that the given formal expression is just a way to encode the sequence, where there is an n such that a < sub > i </ sub > = 0 for all i > n. Two polynomials sharing the same value of n are considered equal if and only if the sequences of their coefficients are equal ; furthermore any polynomial is equal to any polynomial with greater value of n obtained from it by adding terms in front whose coefficient is zero.

In the theta solvent, or the state of the polymer solution where the value of the second virial coefficient becomes 0, the intermolecular polymer-solvent repulsion balances exactly the intramolecular monomer-monomer attraction.

Internal consistency, which addresses the homogeneity of a single test form, may be assessed by correlating performance on two halves of a test, which is termed split-half reliability ; the value of this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for two half-tests is adjusted with the Spearman – Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation between two full-length tests.

The degree to which a collision is elastic or inelastic is quantified by the coefficient of restitution, a value that generally ranges between zero and one.

An impedance mismatch can be also quantified with the standing wave ratio ( SWR or VSWR for voltage ), which is connected to the impedance ratio and reflection coefficient by:, where are the minimum and maximum values of the voltage absolute value, and the VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio, which value of 1 denotes full transmission, without reflection and thus no standing wave, while very large values mean high reflection and standing wave pattern.

In addition fill volumes ( i. e. wetted area ), specific heat, heat transfer coefficient have to be determined to arrive at a correct value.

When a DCT has been used, the coefficients are typically scanned using a zig-zag scan order, and the entropy coding typically combines a number of consecutive zero-valued quantized coefficients with the value of the next non-zero quantized coefficient into a single symbol, and also has special ways of indicating when all of the remaining quantized coefficient values are equal to zero.

This value is called the reference evapotranspiration, and can be converted to a potential evapotranspiration by multiplying with a surface coefficient.

Where the wave equation is represented as a complex vector, the probability will be extracted from the absolute value of an inner-product of the coefficient matrix and its complex conjugate.

For a particle which has equal amplitude to move left and right, the Hermitian matrix H is zero except for nearest neighbors, where it has the value c. If the coefficient is everywhere constant, the condition that H is Hermitian demands that the amplitude to move to the left is the complex conjugate of the amplitude to move to the right.

If the quantity is measured, the value of the physical quantity will be random, with a probability equal to the square of the coefficient of the superposition in the linear combination.

For instance, the coefficient of thermal expansion of a certain brass alloy, α = 18. 7 ppm /° C, may be expressed as 18. 7 ( µm / m )/° C, or as 18. 7 ( µin / in )/° C ; the numeric value representing a relative proportion does not change with the adoption of a different unit of measure .< ref > In the particular case of coefficient of thermal expansion, the change to inches ( one of the U. S. customary units ) is typically also accompanied by a change to degrees Fahrenheit.