Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling the nitrogen dissociation region are present.

Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

# Closely related to the ANOVA is a linear model fit with coefficient estimates and standard errors.

An algebraic integer is an algebraic number which is a root of a polynomial with integer coefficients with leading coefficient 1 ( a monic polynomial ).

The higher value for alpha radiation is generally attributable to the high linear energy transfer ( LET ) coefficient, which is about one ionization of a chemical bond for every angstrom of travel by the alpha particle.

Moreover, if any coefficient is a fixed power of 2, the multiplication can be replaced by bit shifting.

auxiliary regression is TR < sup > 2 </ sup >, where T is the sample size and R < sup > 2 </ sup > is the coefficient of determination.

There are two parts to Einstein's theory: the first part consists in the formulation of a diffusion equation for Brownian particles, in which the diffusion coefficient is related to the mean squared displacement of a Brownian particle, while the second part consists in relating the diffusion coefficient to measurable physical quantities.

He writes for the diffusion coefficient, where is the osmotic pressure and is the ratio of the frictional force to the molecular viscosity which he assumes is given by Stokes's formula for the viscosity.

Note that t < sup > 0 </ sup > = 1, ( 1 − t )< sup > 0 </ sup > = 1, and that the binomial coefficient,, also expressed as or is:

They are indexed by two nonnegative integers ; the binomial coefficient indexed by n and k is usually written.

Under suitable circumstances the value of the coefficient is given by the expression.

For any set containing n elements, the number of distinct k-element subsets of it that can be formed ( the k-combinations of its elements ) is given by the binomial coefficient.

This shows in particular that is a natural number for any natural numbers n and k. There are many other combinatorial interpretations of binomial coefficients ( counting problems for which the answer is given by a binomial coefficient expression ), for instance the number of words formed of n bits ( digits 0 or 1 ) whose sum is k is given by, while the number of ways to write where every a < sub > i </ sub > is a nonnegative integer is given by.

The mean temperature of the surface was then computed according to the following relation: Af where x is the fraction of the plug area covered by the hot spot.

hence Af and the minimal polynomial is simply x, which says the operator is 0.

The arithmetic mean of a variable is often denoted by a bar, for example ( read " x bar ") would be the mean of some sample space.

* If it is required to use a single number X as an estimate for the value of numbers, then the arithmetic mean does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares ( x < sub > i </ sub > − X )< sup > 2 </ sup > of the residuals.

Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.

For example, the open interval ( 0, 1 ) does not have a least element: if x is in ( 0, 1 ), then so is x / 2, and x / 2 is always strictly smaller than x.

As an example, the field of real numbers is not algebraically closed, because the polynomial equation x < sup > 2 </ sup > + 1 = 0 has no solution in real numbers, even though all its coefficients ( 1 and 0 ) are real.

Also, no finite field F is algebraically closed, because if a < sub > 1 </ sub >, a < sub > 2 </ sub >, …, a < sub > n </ sub > are the elements of F, then the polynomial ( x − a < sub > 1 </ sub >)( x − a < sub > 2 </ sub >) ··· ( x − a < sub > n </ sub >) + 1

If F is algebraically closed and p ( x ) is an irreducible polynomial of F, then it has some root a and therefore p ( x ) is a multiple of x − a.

When there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the ANOVA F-test are equivalent ; the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F = t < sup > 2 </ sup >.

The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane ( e. g., C < sub > 2 </ sub >- alkane ).

The simplest possible alkane ( the parent molecule ) is methane, CH < sub > 4 </ sub >.

The reason why pHs of acids are less than 7 is that the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > moles per liter.

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of the hydronium ion, H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >, when dissolved in water.

BF < sub > 3 </ sub > is a Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride.

The species that gains the electron pair is the Lewis acid ; for example, the oxygen atom in H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup > gains a pair of electrons when one of the H — O bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen.

The Brønsted-Lowry definition is the most widely used definition ; unless otherwise specified acid-base reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of a proton ( H < sup >+</ sup >) from an acid to a base.

Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form HA H < sup >+</ sup > + A < sup >−</ sup >, where HA represents the acid and A < sup >−</ sup > is the conjugate base.

The acid dissociation constant K < sub > a </ sub > is generally used in the context of acid-base reactions.

The numerical value of K < sub > a </ sub > is equal to the concentration of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid ( HA ) and the products are the conjugate base and H < sup >+</ sup >.

Because the range of possible values for K < sub > a </ sub > spans many orders of magnitude, a more manageable constant, pK < sub > a </ sub > is more frequently used, where pK < sub > a </ sub >

A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The form Apaliunas (< sup > d </ sup >) is attested as a god of Wilusa in a treaty between Alaksandu of Wilusa and the Hittite great king Muwatalli II ca 1280 BCE.

* cyclic ( general formula, n > 2 ) wherein the carbon backbone is linked so as to form a loop.

A straight line relationship is usually observed in a plot of Af against load L, having slope k, and Af.

This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC-UTC ( k ) ( equivalent to TAI-TAI ( k )) for each participating institution k. ( The same circular also gives tables of TAI-TA ( k ), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.

Since p ( x ) is irreducible, this means that p ( x ) = k ( x − a ), for some k ∈ F

Its owner is parliament deputy Samvel Aleksanian ( a. k. a. " Lfik Samo ") a figure close to the country ’ s leadership.

* Every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a ( R ) =

This is because E ( k ) can have any sign whatsoever, and the combination of creation and annihilation operators has expectation value 1 or 0.

Analysis of the properties of a < sub > k </ sub > and b < sub > k </ sub > shows that one is the annihilation operator for particles and the other for antiparticles.

In English a voiceless plosive that is p, t or k is aspirated whenever it stands as the only consonant at the beginning of the stressed syllable or of the first, stressed or unstressed, syllable in a word.

More generally, in a k-dimensional array, the address of an element with indices i < sub > 1 </ sub >, i < sub > 2 </ sub >, …, i < sub > k </ sub > is

The addressing formula is completely defined by the dimension d, the base address B, and the increments c < sub > 1 </ sub >, c < sub > 2 </ sub >, …, c < sub > k </ sub >.

In general, if y = f ( x ), then it can be transformed into y = af ( b ( x − k )) + h. In the new transformed function, a is the factor that vertically stretches the function if it is greater than 1 or vertically compresses the function if it is less than 1, and for negative a values, the function is reflected in the x-axis.

Positive h and k values mean the function is translated to the positive end of its axis and negative meaning translation towards the negative end.

where k < sub > B </ sub > is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature, R is the resistance, and is the bandwidth of the frequency.