President Clinton's administration continued to emphasize a collegial approach within the NSC on national security matters.

Since the vita written in the 11th century is without historical value according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, one may approach the legendary Saint Leonard, whose bones lie in the Romanesque collegial church, by means of the historic village, instead of the other way around.

The elimination of the Hébertists and the Dantonists, in the opinion of historian François Furet, " had definitively closed the book on a collegial executive: Robespierre was, in fact, the head of the Republic's government.

This work propounded for the first time the so-called " collegial " theory of church government ( Kollegialsystem ), which, developed later by the learned Lutheran theologian Christoph Mathkus Pfaff, formed the basis of the relations of church and state in Germany and more especially in Prussia.

While they drew heavily on the U. S. Constitution for the organisation of the federal state as a whole, they opted for the collegial rather than the presidential system for the executive branch of government.

However the collegial system of government has found widespread adoption in modern democracies in the form of cabinet government with collective responsibility.

Historically, the collegial government of Switzerland has been assessed both internationally and nationally as exceptionally competent and stable.

They were expected to exercise collegial responsibility for overseeing the activities of the new government, which was conducted by the largely civilian Council of Ministers, or cabinet, appointed by Boumédiènne.

The Council then resolved to abolish the Patriarchate altogether and to return to the " collegial " form of church government.

As a supervisor of government projects in Galena, Illinois, he befriended Ulysses S. Grant, forming a strong and collegial relationship that was useful later.

The U is organized as a collegial student government.

The LKS supports the Nouméa Accord but wishes to renegotiate certain parts of it, such as replacing the collegial government ( which is in practice a perpetual grand coalition between loyalists and nationalists ) by a fixed government pulling its support from a fixed majority in Congress.

However Claudio Scajola and most former Christian Democrats supported a more capillary-based organization, in order to make participate as much people as possible, and a more collegial, participative and democratic decision-making process.

The collegial bodies with which the Congregation studies questions which arise ( especially the ordinary Wednesday meeting of Cardinals and the annual or biennial Plenary Session ) ensure the involvement of the Prefects of the different Roman Congregations and representatives from the world's Bishops in the process of decision-making.

The title of THE Lord Protector was originally used by royal princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency ( i. e., not merely member of a collegial regency council ) while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule.

Operating without a central leadership ( see Leaderless resistance ), it was a " true collegial direction " ( ibid ).

It transformed the ( technically ) advisory Council of State () into the collegial Government () in which all executive power was vested, and thus the Monarch was stripped of all executive powers, while still retained as purely ceremonial figurehead with residual executive authority over only his own court and household.

From December 2, 1922, to January 31, 1925, Ypi was a member of the High Council ( the collegial Head of State, formally for William of Wied ).

The collegial board of the party was divided between young leaders and more experienced politicians.

It was the first collegial women's ice hockey team in the United States.

The first women's ice hockey collegial tournament of North America was organized in 1978 at Minnesota-Duluth University.

He was the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve under the provisions of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 where he as Chairman became ( not the collegial body of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ), by statute, the principal military adviser to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense.

The Council of Three (, ) was a collegial body created by the Polish Government in Exile in 1954 with prerogatives of the President of Poland.

Sloan asked Dembski to retract this press release, feeling that it was an unnecessary escalation of the argument and not collegial, but Dembski refused.

Of humble origins, he was educated by the collegial chapter of St. Florent in Niederhaslach and eventually became secretary to the Bishop of Strasbourg.

The original intention had been to have collegial leadership, but Milner was too secretive and headstrong to share the role.

In his July confirmation hearings, Shultz emphasized the primary role of the President in the formulation of policy and stressed the collegial nature of policy formulation in the Reagan administration.

The National Council of University Research Administrators ( NCURA ) serves its members and advances the field of research administration through education and professional development programs, the sharing of knowledge and experience, and by fostering a professional, collegial, and respected community.

i. NCURA serves its members and advances the field of research administration through education and professional development programs, the sharing of knowledge and experience, and by fostering a professional, collegial, and respected community.

Reforms in the 14th and 15th centuries saw France's royal financial administration run by two financial boards which worked in a collegial manner: the four généraux des finances ( also called général conseiller or receveur général ) oversaw the collection of taxes ( taille, aides, gabelle, etc.

The collegial expression of episcopal leadership in the United Methodist Church is known as the Council of Bishops.

We investigate the most challenging, fundamental problems in science and technology in a singularly collegial, interdisciplinary atmosphere, while educating outstanding students to become creative members of society.

Schools and teachers are given considerable freedom to define curricula within collegial structures.

This international exchange programs develops the collegial yet international atmosphere at the University of Victoria, and promotes an exchange of information.

For those, especially in Congress, who doubted Truman had adequate experience in foreign affairs or even doubted his abilities in general, the NSC offered the hope of evolving into a collegial policy-making body to reinforce the President.

President Bush brought his own considerable foreign policy experience to his leadership of the National Security Council, and restored collegial relations among department heads.

The participants uniformly praised the " strong collegial sense " at the meetings and the opportunity for " extraordinary candor ," but subordinates often complained that the secrecy and informality that encouraged candor also made it hard for them to prepare their superiors properly for the meetings and implement the decisions that were reached.

The paper's journalistic side has a collegial form of organization, in which most journalists are not only tenured, but financial stakeholders in the enterprise as well, and participate in the elections of upper management and senior executives.

The Honors program promotes academic excellence in a small, collegial environment.

The extent to which the Government is collegial presumably varies with political conditions and individual personalities.

A man with imperium (" imperator ") had, in principle, absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy, or promagistracy, but could be vetoed, or overruled, by a magistrate, or promagistrate, having imperium maius ( a higher degree of imperium ) or, as most republican magistracies were multiple ( though not quite collegial since each could act on his own ), by the equal power of his colleague ( e. g., the other consul ).

While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the President of the United States, independent agencies ( in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control ) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency.