The extent to which the Government is collegial presumably varies with political conditions and individual personalities.

A man with imperium (" imperator ") had, in principle, absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy, or promagistracy, but could be vetoed, or overruled, by a magistrate, or promagistrate, having imperium maius ( a higher degree of imperium ) or, as most republican magistracies were multiple ( though not quite collegial since each could act on his own ), by the equal power of his colleague ( e. g., the other consul ).

It transformed the ( technically ) advisory Council of State () into the collegial Government () in which all executive power was vested, and thus the Monarch was stripped of all executive powers, while still retained as purely ceremonial figurehead with residual executive authority over only his own court and household.

However the collegial system of government has found widespread adoption in modern democracies in the form of cabinet government with collective responsibility.

The MCIA describes itself as: " a vital part of military intelligence ' corporate enterprise ,' and functions in a collegial, effective manner with other service agencies and with the joint intelligence centers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Unified Commands.

The AWCHA organizes several competitions with collegial women's teams in ice hockey.

While the University of Notre Dame Australia has " strong collegial links " with the American University of Notre Dame located in Notre Dame, Indiana, they are separate institutions.

The UDC's adult education department had a collegial relationship with the University of Nairobi for several years, including faculty exchange and doctoral student sponsoring.

The body, in union with their bishop as a collective, is a symbol of the collaborative and collegial nature of their sacerdotal ministry as inspired by the reforms made during the Second Vatican Council.

The Council of Three (, ) was a collegial body created by the Polish Government in Exile in 1954 with prerogatives of the President of Poland.

Modern examples of diarchies are the Principality of Andorra, whose heads of state are the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell, the Republic of San Marino, with two collegial Captains Regent, and the Kingdom of Swaziland, where the joint heads of state are the king and his mother.

She also met, corresponded, and had a collegial relationship with Sigmund Freud.

The journal Science said that Wouk " accurately depicts science as an often interactive and collegial enterprise ", and that the novel offers a " refreshing contrast with the treatments of mad scientists that are so abundant in literature and popular culture.

The paper's journalistic side has a collegial form of organization, in which most journalists are not only tenured, but financial stakeholders in the enterprise as well, and participate in the elections of upper management and senior executives.

This work propounded for the first time the so-called " collegial " theory of church government ( Kollegialsystem ), which, developed later by the learned Lutheran theologian Christoph Mathkus Pfaff, formed the basis of the relations of church and state in Germany and more especially in Prussia.

A derivative of the Latin Princeps ( ironically, a Republican title in Roman law, which never formally recognized a monarchic style for the executive head of state but nominally maintained the Consuls as collegial Chief magistrates ) is used for a genealogical prince in some languages ( e. g., Dutch and Frisian, where a ruler is usually called vorst ( Frisian: foarst ), but a prince of the blood is always styled prins ( Frisian: prins ); and Icelandic where fursti is a ruler, and a blood prince is prins ( in these languages no capital letters are used in writing titles, unless, of course, they occur as the first word of a sentence )), while in other languages only a Princeps-derived word is used for both irrespectively ( e. g., English uses prince for both ).

They were expected to exercise collegial responsibility for overseeing the activities of the new government, which was conducted by the largely civilian Council of Ministers, or cabinet, appointed by Boumédiènne.

Within churches which hold apostolic succession, it is reflected in the concelebration of the Eucharist, in joining the bishop in the laying on of hands on an ordinand to the priesthood, in collegial processions, at inductions, funerals, and other liturgical activities.

The LKS supports the Nouméa Accord but wishes to renegotiate certain parts of it, such as replacing the collegial government ( which is in practice a perpetual grand coalition between loyalists and nationalists ) by a fixed government pulling its support from a fixed majority in Congress.

Reforms in the 14th and 15th centuries saw France's royal financial administration run by two financial boards which worked in a collegial manner: the four généraux des finances ( also called général conseiller or receveur général ) oversaw the collection of taxes ( taille, aides, gabelle, etc.

His granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine founded a collegial church to honour the relic which, according to legend, facilitated pregnancies and male offspring.

The college originally offered primary and secondary ( elementary and high school level ) education as well as collegial studies.

For those, especially in Congress, who doubted Truman had adequate experience in foreign affairs or even doubted his abilities in general, the NSC offered the hope of evolving into a collegial policy-making body to reinforce the President.

Roman Catholic monastic institutions, especially Franciscans use the term to indicate the presiding officer of a collegial meeting of the order.

The MRFA is the sole bargaining agent for credit faculty, offers a variety of professional development and social opportunities for members, and administers a range of faculty services including the Faculty Centre, a lounge and meeting space that connects faculty and enhances the collegial environment.

Diocletian instituted a number of reforms designed to stabilize the empire and the imperial office, including a collegial system of emperors called the Tetrarchy, bringing an end to the Third Century Crisis and inaugurating the Dominate era of Roman history.

These officials were now appointed by the citizens or by the citizens ' representatives, rather like the older consuls ( but not collegial ).

The lawsuit, however, had left Gilbert and Sullivan somewhat embittered, and their last two works together suffered from a less collegial working relationship than the two men had typically enjoyed while writing earlier operas.

For a period from mid-1916, the ultraconservative Beiyang Gen. Zhang Xun managed to maintain the unity of the army via collegial contacts and negotiation.

The lawsuit left Gilbert and Sullivan somewhat embittered, and though they finally collaborated on two more works, these suffered from a less collegial working relationship than the two men had typically enjoyed while writing earlier operas.

Colegio Cesar Chavez evolved from various other collegial institutions that had existed in Mount Angel, Oregon for nearly a century.

The collegial expression of episcopal leadership in the United Methodist Church is known as the Council of Bishops.

The Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference is a collegial body approved by the Holy See and has as its particular aim:

However Claudio Scajola and most former Christian Democrats supported a more capillary-based organization, in order to make participate as much people as possible, and a more collegial, participative and democratic decision-making process.

A collegial approach to government decision-making was emphasized in the Reagan administration.

We investigate the most challenging, fundamental problems in science and technology in a singularly collegial, interdisciplinary atmosphere, while educating outstanding students to become creative members of society.

Schools and teachers are given considerable freedom to define curricula within collegial structures.

This international exchange programs develops the collegial yet international atmosphere at the University of Victoria, and promotes an exchange of information.

The title of THE Lord Protector was originally used by royal princes or other nobles exercising an individual regency ( i. e., not merely member of a collegial regency council ) while the English monarch was still a minor or otherwise unable to rule.

President Bush brought his own considerable foreign policy experience to his leadership of the National Security Council, and restored collegial relations among department heads.

President Clinton's administration continued to emphasize a collegial approach within the NSC on national security matters.

The participants uniformly praised the " strong collegial sense " at the meetings and the opportunity for " extraordinary candor ," but subordinates often complained that the secrecy and informality that encouraged candor also made it hard for them to prepare their superiors properly for the meetings and implement the decisions that were reached.

In his July confirmation hearings, Shultz emphasized the primary role of the President in the formulation of policy and stressed the collegial nature of policy formulation in the Reagan administration.

The Honors program promotes academic excellence in a small, collegial environment.

The elimination of the Hébertists and the Dantonists, in the opinion of historian François Furet, " had definitively closed the book on a collegial executive: Robespierre was, in fact, the head of the Republic's government.

While most executive agencies have a single director, administrator, or secretary appointed by the President of the United States, independent agencies ( in the narrower sense of being outside presidential control ) almost always have a commission, board, or similar collegial body consisting of five to seven members who share power over the agency.

While they drew heavily on the U. S. Constitution for the organisation of the federal state as a whole, they opted for the collegial rather than the presidential system for the executive branch of government.

Historically, the collegial government of Switzerland has been assessed both internationally and nationally as exceptionally competent and stable.