The English noun commonwealth in the sense meaning " public welfare ; general good or advantage " dates from the 15th century.

Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the " commonwealth ", or common good.

Who soever studieth the laws of the realm, who so abideth in the university, giving his mind to his book, or professeth physic and the liberal sciences, or beside his service in the room of a captain in the wars, or good counsel given at home, whereby his commonwealth is benefited, can live without manual labour, and thereto is able and will bear the port, charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall for money have a coat and arms bestowed upon him by heralds ( who in the charter of the same do of custom pretend antiquity and service, and many gay things ) and thereunto being made so good cheap be called master, which is the title that men give to esquires and gentlemen, and reputed for a gentleman ever after.

Self-development, manifested in good deeds toward others, was the surest way to live a pleasing, fulfilling, and satisfying life, as well as to help build a commonwealth community.

It was Thomas Hobbes in his 1651 work " Leviathan " who stated that citizens yield to a powerful sovereign who in turn promises an end to civil and religious war, and to bring forth a lasting peace, and give him the right to conduct policy, including wage war or negotiate for peace for the good of the " commonwealth ", i. e. a mandate for national security.

Goślicki's Latin book De optimo senatore ( published during his stay in Italy in Venice, 1568 ) and dedicated to King Zygmunt August, subsequently appeared in four English translations: as The Counsellor ( considered inaccurate ) in 1598, A commonwealth of good counsaile in 1607, The Accomplished Senator ...

Consequently most of the generals of the Wallingford House party and the key members of the Long Parliament who were in the good old republican commonwealth cause would lose their lives upon the restoration of King Charles II.

In terms of etymology and meaning, the closest Latin phrase is " res publica " (" res "-thing, " publica "-public, common ) and the closest English term is " commonwealth " ( i. e. " common wealth ", " common good "), but a more modern translation is republic ( a form of governance ).

* Mandel misunderstands the core idea of communism, which is to change the way human beings relate and are related, so that they can all have good lives in a cooperative commonwealth.

Moreover, it is too readily forgotten that in the Republic what gave the initial impetus to Plato's excursus into the construction of an imaginary commonwealth with its ruling-class communism of goods, wives, and children, was his quest for a canon for the proper ordering of the individual human psyche ; ;

The Indies were administered as a federation of commonwealth kingdoms fashioned after the Aragonite Crown, but united under the Castilian system America was divided in 4 kingdoms, and Autonomous 5 Captainships autonomous within those kingdoms.

Negotiations for territorial status began in 1972 and a covenant to establish a commonwealth in political union with the U. S. was approved in a 1975 referendum.

He was, as the fourth elected governor, in favor of adding more powers to the commonwealth status.

While commonwealth was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, republic was also in common use.

* This was the commonwealth of Massachusetts ' first major professional championship since the Boston Celtics ' NBA title in 1986.

* The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands was set up in 1978 as a commonwealth in political union with the U. S.

( Since the Northern Mariana Islands was a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and became a commonwealth of the USA in 1986, it is technically the only area to have not joined as a part of another state or gained full independence as a sovereign nation.

A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy-a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture.

The local name was stamped on the coinage of the unified Epirote commonwealth: ΑΠΕΙΡΟΤΑΝ ( Āpeirōtān, Attic Greek equivalent: Ēpeirōtōn, i. e. " of the Epirotes ", see image right ).

She was protector of the Latin commonwealth.

The population density was 25. 0 people per square mile ( 9. 7 / km² ), and ranks 25th in the county and 334th in the commonwealth.

The population density was 52. 0 people per square mile ( 20. 1 / km² ), which ranks fifteenth in the county and 310th in the commonwealth.

He was elected on 21 December 1649 a common councilman for the city of London, but on the 26th his election was declared void by Parliament, although he had taken the required oath to be faithful to the commonwealth.

Thus in the foundation of 1350, Bateman stated that the college's aim was " the promotion of divine worship and of canon and civil science and direction of the commonwealth and especially of our church and diocese of Norwich.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the historic predecessor to the present-day Republic of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States.

It was Locke, who, in his Letter Concerning Toleration, defined the state in purely secular terms: " The commonwealth seems to me to be a society of men constituted only for the procuring, preserving, and advancing their own civil interests.

The masque was an amusement at any time too costly to be popular, and during the commonwealth period it was practically extinguished.

Part the Second, Chapter II, Section II, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution reads, There shall be annually elected a lieutenant governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, whose title shall be, His Honor and who shall be qualified, in point of religion, property, and residence in the commonwealth, in the same manner with the governor: and the day and manner of his election, and the qualifications of the electors, shall be the same as are required in the election of a governor.

* Rupp is also home to the annual KHSAA State Basketball Championship, with teams from throughout the commonwealth appearing for a shot at the state title.

The nature of a republican government gives to every member of the state an equal right to cherish views of ambition, and to aspire to the highest offices of the commonwealth ; it gives to every individual of the same title with his fellows to aspire at the government of the whole.

While being a commonwealth campus of the state land-grant university, since 1997 it has offered baccalaureate degrees independently from The Pennsylvania State University University Park campus in partnership with a neighboring campus under the title of Berks and Lehigh Valley College.

In English terms it would be similar to the Canadian or Australian commonwealth status of the 20th century.

In British English and in the commonwealth countries, the term public company is more widely to describe the same sort of entity while the word company encompasses all incorporated entities.

The English word commonwealth is a calque ( literal translation ) of res publica, and its use in English is closer to how the Romans used the term res publica.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a state is " a an organized political community under one government ; a commonwealth ; a nation.

These factors included the continuing Baptist movement in England, English language publications about the Sabbath in the early 1600s, and a relative freedom of religion from state interference in Oliver Cromwell's commonwealth.

Reverence for Roman republicanism was strong among the Founding Fathers of the United States and the Latin American revolutionaries ; the Americans described their new government as a republic ( from res publica ) and gave it a Senate and a President ( another Latin term ), rather than make use of available English terms like commonwealth or parliament.

Despite the Spanish translation of the term " commonwealth ", Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is not a Compact of Free Association ( which is the case for the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Marshall Islands ).

In this context scholars suggest commonwealth as a more accurate and neutral translation of the term, while neither implying republican nor imperial connotations, just a reference to the state as a whole.

Furthermore, former Connecticut Chief Justice Simeon E. Baldwin upheld the claim in Norris Osborn ’ s History of Connecticut in Monographic Form, declaring that “ never had a company of men deliberately met to frame a social compact for immediate use, constituting a new and independent commonwealth, with definite officers, executive and legislative, and prescribed rules and modes of government, until the first planters of Connecticut came together for their great work on January 14th, 1638-9 .” Drafted primarily by Roger Ludlow, it was clearly the first compact between a government and the people to uphold the Rev.

* Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze, also in all probability an early work, in which the various forms of government suited to an Italian commonwealth are discussed with subtlety, contrasted, and illustrated from the vicissitudes of Florence up to the year 1494.

During the 1970s it funded major fieldwork projects work in Cyprus, Syria, and Turkey, efforts that today span the entire geographical breadth of the former Byzantine commonwealth.

On September 20, 1971 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania failed to approve that location, and site work slowly began on the present site as the city and county submitted it to the commonwealth on December 10, 1974, with completion in February 1981.