Brachycephaly can be corrected with a cranial remolding orthoses ( helmet ) which provide painless total contact over the prominent areas of the skull and leave voids over the flattened areas to provide a pathway for more symmetrical skull growth.

If this is unsuccessful, treatment using a cranial remolding orthosis ( baby helmet ) can help to correct abnormal head shapes. Example of Cranial Remolding Band These helmets are used to treat deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, scaphocephaly and other head shape deformities in infants 3 – 18 months of age.

For years, infants have been successfully treated with cranial remolding orthoses.

Like the original fiberglass design, the helmet / cage combination has been criticized for not providing adequate facial / cranial protection.

The brain stem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves.

In Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, Terence R. Anthoney provides a historical account of the usage of the terms accessory nerve, spinal accessory nerve, and cranial accessory nerve, summarized in the following excerpt:

Mondino's treatment of the skull provides only inexact directions for its dissection, suggesting that the cranial cavity was opened infrequently and with little technical skill.

A study conducted by Lieberman, Pearson and Mowbray provides evidence that individuals with narrow heads ( dolicocephalic ) or narrow cranial bases and relatively large brains are more likely to have occipital buns as a means of resolving a spatial packing problem.

It usually presents as a painless neck mass, but larger tumors may cause cranial nerve palsies, usually of the vagus nerve and hypoglossal nerve.

The facial nerve ( seventh cranial nerve ) is affected occasionally –- the result is total or partial weakness of the muscles of facial expression on one or both sides of the face.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth ( IX ) of twelve pairs of cranial nerves ( 24 nerves total ).

Since the total cranial volume is relatively fixed, and the brain is much more compressible than the skull, in settings of increased intracranial pressure, the brain is preferentially compressed and damaged.

The fossils ( twenty one in total ) include upper and lower jaws, cranial fragments, and the upper and lower parts of a leg bone ( tibia ).

In total there are 46 recovered specimens from Kalodirr relating to Afropithecus consisting of cranial, mandible, dentition and post-cranial remains.

One of the smallest in marsupials with no more than 0. 2 % of its body weight, about 40 % of the cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, while the brain's two cerebral hemispheres are like " a pair of shrivelled walnut halves on top of the brain stem, in contact neither with each other nor the bones of the skull.

Batrachomorphs are distinguished by a number of features in the skeleton, including a flat or shallow skull, a fused skull roof with no cranial kinesis, exoccipital-postparietal contact on the occiput, and four or fewer fingers on the hand.

A fracture which occurs in conjunction with an overlying laceration which tears the epidermis and the meninges or runs through the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear structures, resulting in the outside environment being in contact with the cranial cavity is termed a compound fracture.

Compound depressed skull fractures occur when there is a laceration over the fracture, resulting in the internal cranial cavity being in contact with the outside environment increasing the risk of contamination and infection.

A fracture which occurs in conjunction with an overlying laceration which tears the epidermis and the meninges or runs through the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear structures, resulting in the outside environment being in contact with the cranial cavity is termed a compound fracture.

In children with uncomplicated minor head injuries the risk of intra cranial bleeding over the next year is rare at 2 cases per 1 million.

There are no grounds for thinking that incomplete orbital migration was maladaptive, because stem forms with this condition ranged over two geological stages, and are found in localities which also yield flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry.

Dr. Michael Hfuhruhurr ( Steve Martin ), a widowed brain surgeon renowned for inventing a method of ' cranial screw-top ' brain surgery, saves the life of Dolores Benedict ( Kathleen Turner ), a gold-digging femme fatale who is accidentally run over by Hfuhruhurr when fleeing the scene of her latest husband's fatal coronary ( which her malicious mind-games and scheming caused ).

" He has cranial ridges much like the retcon Romulans ' appearance when they appeared in later Trek seriesa similar continuity fudge to that concerning the Klingons ' differing appearances over the different timelines of the various movies and television shows.

Anthropologist Pat Shipman presents Hooton's work as representing a transition in anthropology away from its 19th-century stereotypes about race and its fixation over cranial measurements.

For example, cranial deformation is evident in the skulls of the Maya, where a straight line between nose and forehead may have been preferred over an angle or slope.

Sergi's initial contribution was to oppose the use of the cephalic index to model population ancestry, arguing that over all cranial morphology was more useful.

Hence, in the occurrence of a flattening of the skull ( parallelogram deformation of the cranial vault ), the side of the head afflicted with occipital plagiocephaly presents a prominent ear.

The latter species is distinguished by the presence of a dark lateral stripe as well as a deep " valley " between its prominent cranial crests.

It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.

Fortunately, recent studies have found a new way of determining what stage of development Silphid larvae are in by measuring the maximum cranial width and other heavily sclerotized areas of the larvae instead of measuring just the length, which is subject to change with each larva, particularly in O. inaequale and N. surinamensis, which are more robust and have greater variations of length respectively.

The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.

Examples of simultaneous involvement include tic convulsive ( of the fifth and seventh cranial nerves ) and occurrence of symptoms in the fifth and ninth cranial nerve areas.

When the face is submerged, receptors that are sensitive to cold within the nasal cavity and other areas of the face supplied by cranial nerve V ( trigeminal ) relay the information to the brain and then innervate cranial nerve X ( the vagus nerve ), which is part of the autonomic nervous system.

In the skull, individual membranous bones may calcify only at their centers, giving areas of the unossified calvaruim the illusion that cranial sutures are widely separated when they are in fact functionally closed.

In the skull, individual membranous bones may calcify only at their centers, making it appear that areas of the unossified calvarium have cranial sutures that are widely separated, when in fact they are functionally closed.

Other areas more susceptible to fractures are the cribriform plate, the roof of orbits in the anterior cranial fossa, and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa.

Basilar skull fractures, are basically linear fractures that occur in the floor of the cranial vault ( skull base ), which require more force to cause than other areas of the neurocranium.

The term placode or ectodermal placode is sometimes used to refer specifically to cranial or neurogenic placodes, but is also used for areas of the ectoderm that give rise to structures such as mammary glands, feathers and hair.

The skull generally resembles that of Camelus, the larger brain-cavity and orbits and less-developed cranial ridges being due to its smaller size.

Evidence of trepanation, the surgical practice of either drilling or scraping a hole into the skull with the purpose of curing headaches or mental disorders or relieving cranial pressure, being performed on patients dates back to Neolithic times and has been found in various cultures throughout the world.

The Monro-Kellie rule states that the intracranial pressure ( literally: pressure inside the skull ) is determined by the amount of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) and blood inside the bony cranial vault.

They are created by an abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, usually in the brain itself, but also in lymphatic tissue, in blood vessels, in the cranial nerves, in the brain envelopes ( meninges ), skull, pituitary gland, or pineal gland.

The oldest for which there is evidence is trepanation, in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, thus exposing the dura mater in order to treat health problems related to intra cranial pressure and other diseases.

He is obsessed with his muscular body, and possesses a cranial weapon implant ( known as a " skull gun "), which he uses to mug a member of the Ashanti phyle.

However, a newer study compared incidence rates of skull lesions and periosteal reaction in Triceratops and Centrosaurus and showed that these were consistent with Triceratops using its horns in combat and the frill being adapted as a protective structure, while lower pathology rates in Centrosaurus may indicate visual rather than physical use of cranial ornamentation, or a form of combat focused on the body rather than the head.

Males tend to have slightly thicker and longer limbs and digit bones ( phalanges ), while females tend to have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mandibles, less pronounced cranial features such as the brow ridges and external occipital protuberance ( the small bump at the back of the skull ), and the carrying angle of the forearm is more pronounced in females.

Like all birds, the bills of sandpipers are capable of cranial kinesis, literally being able to move the bones of the skull ( other than the obvious movement of the lower jaw ) and specifically bending the upper jaw without opening the entire jaw, an act known as rhynchokinesis.

) Some cephalic disorders occur when the cranial sutures ( the fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull ) join prematurely.

Most individuals with iniencephaly have other associated anomalies such as anencephaly, encephalocele ( a disorder in which part of the cranial contents protrudes from the skull ), hydrocephalus, cyclopia, absence of the mandible ( lower jaw bone ), cleft lip and palate, cardiovascular disorders, diaphragmatic hernia, and gastrointestinal malformation.

The glossopharyngeal fibers travel just anterior to the cranial nerves X and XI, which also exit the skull via the jugular foramen.

However, unlike all other cranial nerves, the spinal accessory nerve begins outside the skull rather than inside.

Owing to its peculiar course, the spinal accessory nerve is notable for being the only cranial nerve to both enter and exit the skull.

Once the cranial component has detached from the spinal component, the spinal accessory nerve continues alone and heads posteriorly ( backwards ) and inferiorly ( downwards ) upon exiting the skull.

The snake skull shows the greatest degree of cranial kinesis, in order to allow the snake to swallow large prey items.

It is necessary to take into consideration the skull base, the mandible and the cervical vertebrae and a cranial reference plane.

The ferret and European polecat are similar in both size and portions, to the point that dark-coloured ferrets are almost indistinguishable from their wild cousins, though the ferret's skull has a smaller cranial volume, and has a narrower postorbital constriction.