Its timing is such that the fuel is injected only very slightly before top dead centre of that cylinder's compression stroke.

An unusual form of four-stroke model engine that uses what is essentially a sleeve-valve format, is the British RCV series of " SP " model engines, which use a rotating cylinder liner driven through a bevel gear at the cylinder liner's " bottom " and, even more unusually, have the propeller shaft — as an integrally machined part of the rotating cylinder liner — emerging from what would normally be the cylinder's " top " at the extreme front of the engine, achieving a 2: 1 gear reduction ratio compared to the vertically oriented crankshaft's rotational speed.

Normally, these systems combine nitrous and fuel through several nozzles similar in design to a wet single-point nozzle, which mixes and meters the nitrous and fuel delivered to each cylinder individually, allowing each cylinder's nitrous / fuel ratio to be adjusted without affecting the other cylinders.

Ellipses arise from the intersection of a right circular cylinder with a plane that is not parallel to the cylinder's main axis of symmetry.

If, however, the cylinders are at some angle to one another, then there is a large volume surrounding the cylinder which the approaching cylinder's center-of-mass cannot enter ( due to the hard-rod repulsion between the two idealized objects ).

A Hemi engine ( from hemisphere ) is an internal combustion engine in which the roof of each cylinder's combustion chamber is of hemispherical form.

* A low pressure " direct feed " or " Power Inflator " that injects gas from a low pressure hose from the diving cylinder's diving regulator or an auxiliary cylinder to the bladder ( s ) of the BC, that is controlled by an inflation valve.

When in use a pipe is attached to the cylinder's regulator and then to a mask that fits over the patient's nose and mouth.

This involves filling a diving cylinder by first decanting from the bank cylinder with the lowest pressure that is higher than the diving cylinder's pressure and then from the next higher-pressure bank cylinder in succession until the diving cylinder is full.

This involves filling a diving cylinder by decanting from the bank cylinder with the lowest pressure that is higher than the diving cylinder's pressure and then from the next higher pressure bank cylinder in succession until the diving cylinder is full.

If the cylinder's contents are liquid, but become a gas at ambient conditions, this is commonly referred to as a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion ( BLEVE ).

Built in the centre of the cylinder's rotation according to the book, the Hub should have no gravity, but in the game this details is neglected, because navigation would be awkward without gravity.

It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running ; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting.

Crankshaft connecting-rod journals were arranged so that each cylinder's exhaust piston ' led ' its inlet piston by 20 degrees of crankshaft rotation.

Radial sluice gate: A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius.

A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, can be calculated by multiplying its cross-sectional area ( the square of half the bore by pi ) and again by the distance the piston travels within the cylinder ( the stroke ).

It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running ; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting.

A pressure relief valve prevents a dangerous build-up of pressure when the hydraulic cylinder's piston reaches the end of its stroke.

It fits between the piston and the cylinder wall in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine where it rotates and / or slides, ports ( holes ) in the side of the sleeve ( s ) aligning with the cylinder's inlet and exhaust ports at the appropriate stages in the engine's cycle.

The 360 ° twins can have a single ignition system for both cylinders, with a wasted spark on each cylinder's exhaust stroke.

When injected into an inlet manifold, this characteristic causes a reduction in air / fuel charge temperature with an associated increase in density, thereby increasing the cylinder's volumetric efficiency.

This minimizes interference of one cylinder's pressure waves with those of another, giving better torque from smooth mid-range flow.

Headers are generally circular steel tubing with bends and folds calculated to make the paths from each cylinder's exhaust port to the common outlet all equal length, and joined at narrow angles to encourage pressure waves to flow through the outlet, and not back towards other cylinders.

The cylinder's heat-ray was used in conjunction with a sort of searchlight to kill anyone attempting to investigate the Martian activity.

The latch was replaced with a spring-loaded stud in the cylinder's top strap.

At the end of one cylinder's power stroke another cylinder fires.

Most modern open-circuit scuba sets have a diving regulator consisting of a first-stage pressure-reducing valve connected to the diving cylinder's output valve.

Again the constraints of the existing head-bolt pattern meant that Hall had to shift the camshaft bearings from outside each pair of camlobes as in the BDA to in between each cylinder's pair of cam lobes.

The direction of the discharges indicate the cylinder's rotation, and resulting rotational axis of the ball lightning in accordance to the law of laminar flow.

A turning rotor, located on top of the breaker cam within the distributor cap, sequentially connects the coil's secondary windings to one of the several wires leading to each cylinder's spark plug.

Most distributor caps have the position of the number 1 cylinder's terminal molded into the plastic.

For a simple cylindrical lens, the surfaces of the lens are portions of a cylinder's surface.

The compression ratio arrived at with the formula will be the same regardless of whether cubic inches or cubic centimeters are used.

The compression ratio is 10 to 1.

This method of computing compression ratio cannot be used accurately for engines that have pistons with either domed or irregularly shaped heads.

By varying the formula, this curve may be moved forward or backward along the coordinates to produce any desired compression strength / density ratio.

Note that this pressure increase is more than a simple 10: 1 compression ratio would indicate ; this is because the gas is not only compressed, but the work done to compress the gas has also heated the gas and the hotter gas will have a greater pressure even if the volume had not changed.

The compression ratio of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity.

When the piston has moved up to the top of its stroke inside the cylinder, and the remaining volume inside the head or combustion chamber has been reduced to 100 cc, then the compression ratio would be proportionally described as 1000: 100, or with fractional reduction, a 10: 1 compression ratio.

A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air-fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency.

Due to engine knocking ( detonation ), the compression ratio in a gasoline or petrol-powered engine will usually not be much higher than 10: 1, although some production automotive engines built for high-performance from 1955 – 1972 had compression ratios as high as 13. 0: 1, which could run safely on the high-octane leaded gasoline then available.

Mazda is in 2012 releasing new petrol engines under the brand name SkyActiv with 14: 1 compression ratio, to be used in all Mazda vehicles by 2015.

The appropriate compression ratio depends on the design of the cylinder head.

There is, however, no formula to calculate compression ratio based on cylinder pressure.

If the nominal compression ratio of an engine is given, the pre-ignition cylinder pressure can be estimated using the following relationship:

where is the cylinder pressure at bottom dead center which is usually at 1 atm, is the compression ratio, and is the specific heat ratio for the working fluid, which is about 1. 4 for air, and 1. 3 for methane-air mixture.

For example, if an engine running on gasoline has a compression ratio of 10: 1, the cylinder pressure at top dead center is

Generally, cylinder pressure for common automotive designs should at least equal 10 bar, or, roughly estimated in pounds per square inch ( psi ) as between 15 and 20 times the compression ratio, or in this case between 150 psi and 200 psi, depending on cam timing.

Because cylinder bore diameter, piston stroke length and combustion chamber volume are almost always constant, the compression ratio for a given engine is almost always constant, until engine wear takes its toll.

This engine, designed by Saab Automobile, uses a technique that dynamically alters the volume of the combustion chamber ( V < sub > c </ sub >), which, via the above equation, changes the compression ratio ( CR ).