From this presumption it is an easy step to the conclusion that any observed increases in the basic wage rate must be due to union behavior different and more aggressive than assumed in our model.

A mixed-effects model contains experimental factors of both fixed and random-effects types, with appropriately different interpretations and analysis for the two types.

For example, the model for a simplified ANOVA with one type of treatment at different levels.

Shortly after Thomson's discovery, Hantaro Nagaoka, a Japanese physicist, predicted a different model for electronic structure.

In Thomson's model, electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions between the electrons, and spectra were to be accounted for by energy differences of different ring orbits.

In an " extended model " which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then if the " physical baryon density " Ω < sub > b </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated at about 0. 023 ( this is different from the ' baryon density ' Ω < sub > b </ sub > expressed as a fraction of the total matter / energy density, which as noted above is about 0. 046 ), and the corresponding cold dark matter density Ω < sub > c </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is about 0. 11, the corresponding neutrino density Ω < sub > v </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated to be less than 0. 0062.

The candela ( or ; symbol: cd ) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity ; that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, weighted by the luminosity function ( a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths, also known as the luminous efficiency function ).

This model is prominent in Western and Northern European countries, albeit in slightly different configurations.

A more accurate description of how the temperature near the car varies over time would require an accurate model of how the temperature varies at different altitudes.

Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations.

A maturity model can be used as a benchmark for comparison and as an aid to understanding-for example, for comparative assessment of different organizations where there is something in common that can be used as a basis for comparison.

Because the relational model emphasizes search rather than navigation, it does not make relationships between different entities explicit in the form of pointers, but represents them rather using primary keys and foreign keys.

For this reason a different model, the entity-relationship model which emerged shortly later ( 1976 ), gained popularity for database design.

In the Hierarchical model different record types ( representing real-world entities ) are embedded in a predefined hierarchical ( tree-like ) structure.

An object model language standard ( by the Object Data Management Group ) that has influenced the design of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB QL, though they cannot be considered as different flavors of OQL.

In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model.

Critics, such as psychiatrist Niall McLaren, argue that the DSM lacks validity because it has no relation to an agreed scientific model of mental disorder and therefore the decisions taken about its categories ( or even the question of categories versus dimensions ) were not scientific ones ; and that it lacks reliability partly because different diagnoses share many criteria, and what appear to be different criteria are often just rewordings of the same idea, meaning that the decision to allocate one diagnosis or another to a patient is to some extent a matter of personal prejudice.

Such a reference model allows implementers to gain a better understanding of the kinds of descriptions they are trying to encode and facilitates the development of better mappings and translations between different syntaxes.

It provides a mathematical foundation of industrial organization, discussed above, to model different types of firm behavior, for example in an oligopolistic industry ( few sellers ), but equally applicable to wage negotiations, bargaining, contract design, and any situation where individual agents are few enough to have perceptible effects on each other.

The term provides the conceptual framework used to demonstrate that different laboratories do not share the same " scientific " knowledge production model, but rather each is endowed with a different epistemic culture prescribing what is adequate knowledge and how it is obtained.

* The Piacenza Liver, a bronze model of a sheep's liver representing the sky, with the engraved names of the gods ruling different sections.

Karl E. von Baer and Haeckel both struggled to model one of the most complex problems facing embryologists at the time: the arrangement of general and special characters during development in different species of animals.

Anthropologists study topics including Homo sapiens origin and evolution, the organization of human social and cultural relations, human physical traits, how humans behave, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and so forth.

Under the heading of " materials ," his class examines the relations between different kinds of writing surfaces ( including stone, wax, parchment, paper, walls, textiles, the body, and the heart ), writing implements ( including styluses, pens, pencils, needles, and brushes ), and material forms ( including scrolls, erasable tables, codices, broadsides and printed forms and books ).

More advanced questions involve the topology of the curve and relations between the curves given by different equations.

Thus, different combinations of properties and relations produce different objects.

According to the definition above, two relations with the same graph may be different, if they differ in the sets and.

A comparison of genes within a species or between different species can show similarities between protein functions, or relations between species ( the use of molecular systematics to construct phylogenetic trees ).

Forty-seven years after the initial freeze, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez announced on 18 March 2009 that normal relations were to be re-established, saying, " If we have been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our reality as occurred with the USSR or, more recently, with the Republic of China, how would we not do it with a country that is geographically and culturally much nearer to Costa Rica?

Both of them expressed positive views over the increasing relations between the two nations and were optimistic that the bilateral cooperation will expand in different fields.

Comparative civil law studies, for instance, show how the law of private relations is organised, interpreted and used in different systems or countries.

A normalised design will often store different but related pieces of information in separate logical tables ( called relations ).

Elton defined ecological relations using concepts of food chains, food cycles, and food size, and described numerical relations among different functional groups and their relative abundance.

The competition of individual and collective theories of composition set different demarcations and relations of folk music with the music of tribal societies on the one hand and of " art " and " court " music on the other.

The breaking of rotation and boost invariance causes direction dependence in the theory as well as unconventional energy dependence that introduces novel effects, including Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations and modifications to the dispersion relations of different particle species, which naturally could make particles move faster than light.

Since different standard model fermions are grouped together in larger representations, GUTs specifically predict relations among the fermion masses, such as between the electron and the down quark, the muon and the strange quark, and the tau lepton and the bottom quark for SU ( 5 ) and SO ( 10 ).

* Interview with Steven Levy: About the different hacker subcultures and their relations.

Only two weeks before Kennedy had spoken in more conciliatory tones, speaking of " improving relations with the Soviet Union ": in response to Kennedy's Berlin speech, Nikita Khrushchev, days later, remarked that " one would think that the speeches were made by two different Presidents.

Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.

Ribbentrop's foreign policy conceptions differed from Hitler's in that Ribbentrop's concept of international relations owed more to the traditional Wilhelmine Machtpolitik than to Hitler's racist and Social Darwinist vision of different " races " locked in a merciless and endless struggle over Lebensraum.

Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations.

Her observations about the sharing of garden plots amongst the Arapesh, the egalitarian emphasis in child rearing, and her documentation of predominantly peaceful relations among relatives are very different from the " big man " displays of dominance that were documented in more stratified New Guinea cultures — e. g., by Andrew Strathern.

A remark on the notation: Because it is common to consider several congruence relations for different moduli at the same time, the modulus is incorporated in the notation.

For instance, a TOE involving a set of different types of entities ( denoted by words, say ) and relations between them ( denoted by additional words ) is nothing but what mathematicians call a set-theoretical model, and one can generally find a formal system that it is a model of.