states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke.

It was said that Walter, William's maternal uncle, was occasionally forced to hide the young duke in the houses of peasants, although this story may be an embellishment by Orderic Vitalis.

Cnut's mother was the daughter of the first duke of the Polans, Mieszko I ; her name may have been Świętosława ( see: Sigrid Storråda ), but the Oxford DNB article on Cnut states that her name is unknown.

The heir to the grand duke of Luxembourg may be titled prince-lieutenant (' prince deputy ') during a period in which the incumbent remains formally on the grand ducal throne, but ( progressively, most ) functions of the crown are performed by the ' monarch apprentice ', as prince Jean ( still alive ) did 4 May 1961-12 November 1964 in the last years of his mother Charlotte's reign ( she lived until 1985 ), and Jean's own son prince Henri 3 March 1998-7 October 2000 until his father abdicated and he succeeded.

" The sauce may have been christened mayennaise after Charles de Lorraine, duke of Mayenne, because he took the time to finish his meal of chicken with cold sauce before being defeated in the Battle of Arques.

If a peer of one of the top three ranks ( a duke, marquess or earl ) has more than one title, his eldest son, not himself an actual peer, may use one of his father's lesser titles ' by courtesy '.

If the eldest son of a duke or marquess has an eldest son, he may use a still lower title if one exists.

The origin of the Bindenschild has not been conclusively established, it possibly derived from the Styrian margraves of the Otakar noble family, who themselves may have adopted the colours from the descendants of the Carinthian duke Adalbero ( ruled 1011 – 1035 ), a scion of the House of Eppenstein extinct in 1122.

The titles of " grand duke " and " grand duchess ", when used as a translation from another language, may not necessarily be associated with a particular grand duchy.

Additionally, other houses of Europe may style themselves as " grand duke " even if they are not wholly recognized as such by rest of the society.

The etymological heir of the margrave, also introduced in countries that never had any margraviates, the marquess ( see that article ; their languages may use one or two words, e. g. French margrave and marquis ), still ranks in the British peerage between duke and earl ( equivalent to a continental count ).

Wycherley's efforts to bring to the Duke of Buckingham's notice the case of Samuel Butler shows that the writer of even such heartless plays as The Country Wife may have generous impulses, while his defence of Buckingham, when the duke in his turn fell into trouble, show that the inventor of so shameless a fraud as that which forms the pivot of The Plain Dealer may in actual life possess that passion for fair play which is seldom believed to be an English quality.

Secondly, one may be of a particular degree such as duke.

" Within the panegyric there is a wealth of facts and details ... most derived from personal knowledge and personal contacts, compiled and intelligently put together by a man uniquely qualified as both clerk and knight, closely connected with the court ... One may add that William of Poitiers must have known his hero from their joint youth up, and stress that as both former knight and former chaplain of the duke he is able to bring us closer to the heart of Normandy in the mid-eleventh century than any other writer of that age or later.

He is widely held to have been in the royal service of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. As such he may have stayed in France for some time, since the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435.

The details of the peace arrangements are unknown, but Prudentius of Troyes uses the title " duke " ( dux ) for the first time in this context and this may indicate that Nominoe was created Duke of the Bretons in return for recognising Charles ' lordship.

The duke at the time was Ulrich III, but he ruled for many years after 1259, and was probably not at the battle ; the writer of the Chronicle may have invented a fictitious duke as a counterbalance to William.

Philip II may never have seen this letter, for his secretaries Don Juan de Idiaquez and Don Cristobal de Moura replied to the duke that they dared not show it to the king.

After the murder of the duke in 1476, Compère appears to have been " laid off " from the chapel, and he may have returned to France at this time.

Leduc is French for " the duke ", it may refer to:

When the duke Gauthier was killed, Isabella's mother Jeanne de Châtillon ( died 1354 ), daughter of count of Porcien, may have tried to hold the Acropolis of Athens against the attacking Catalans, but eventually surrendered it.

As compensation to the last sovereign duke, the title only could be continued by Francesco Maria II, and after his death by his heir, Federico Ubaldo.

This conjecture seems to be confirmed in the introduction of the first volume of the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus concerning the Pomeranians: Although often the leaders of the forces defeated by the Polish duke sought salvation in baptism, as soon as they regained their strength, they repudiated the Christian faith and started the war against Christians anew.

The chronicler also claimed that the duke secured the support of Emperor Henry IV and King Sweyn II of Denmark, but as Henry was still a minor and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, these claims should be treated with caution.

These titles are usually translated as count or duke, but these terms conveyed very different meanings in the Early Middle Ages, so the Latin versions are to be preferred.

But Fulk le Réchin ( the Cross-looking ), brother of Geoffrey the Bearded, who had at first been contented with an appanage consisting of Saintonge and the châtellenie of Vihiers, having allowed Saintonge to be taken in 1062 by the duke of Aquitaine, took advantage of the general discontent aroused in the countship by the unskilful policy of Geoffrey to make himself master of Saumur ( 25 February 1067 ) and Angers ( 4 April ), and cast Geoffrey into prison at Sablé.

But the Welf duke of Saxony, Henry the Lion, would not be appeased.

* The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron ( 1377 – 1424 ) is the last duke to be enthroned according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone.

If a duke took power from his nobles, the state would have to be administered bureaucratically by appointed officials.

Still, in the Battle of Toulouse ( 721 ), the Aquitanian duke Odo is said to be leading an army of Aquitanians and Franks.

Rouen became the capital city of English power in occupied France and when the duke of Bedford, John of Lancaster bought Joan of Arc from his ally, the duke of Burgundy who had been keeping her in jail since May 1430, she was logically sent to this city for Christmas 1430 and after a long trial by a church court, sentenced to be burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's royal enemy.

The battle is said by some to be the source for the mnemonic for remembering the traditional colours of the rainbow, Richard of York Gave Battle In Vain, and also the mocking nursery rhyme, The Grand Old Duke of York although this much more likely refers to the eighteenth century duke, son of George III.

The duke then issued on 25 July a proclamation called the Brunswick Manifesto, written by Louis's émigré cousin, the Prince de Condé, declaring the intent of the Austrians and Prussians to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law.

While this meant that offices, such as emperor, king, and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as duke, margrave, landgrave, count palatine, and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of their appanage to the family's original title.

The title is ranked below duke, which was mostly restricted to the royal family and those that were held in high enough esteem to be granted such a title.

A duke ( male ) or duchess ( female ) can be either a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.

The sentence could be taken to mean that Henry will depose the duke, or that the duke will depose Henry.

The Dukes of Brittany were crowned with a royal crown said to be that of the former kings of Brittany in a ceremony designed to emphasise the royal ancestry and sovereignty of the reigning duke.

The rebels demanded that Geoffroy be made duke, thus guaranteeing the autonomy granted by the charter.

During the early years of his reign as duke, the orphaned Charles was heavily influenced by the guidance of his father-in-law, Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, for which reason Charles ' faction came to be known as the " Armagnacs ".

Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son Louis the Pious sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were de facto independent.

Though the title of Earl was nominally equal to the continental duke, unlike them earls were not de facto rulers in their own right.

The situation remained in stalemate for some time, with Charles de Blois as de facto duke, but with significant territory still controlled by the Montfortists.

It was, however, during this period of de facto independence that the Alamanni began to be ruled by one duke, though Alsace and Rhaetia remained outside of the scope of Alamannia.

By the peace of Gerstungen on 2 February 1074 Bavaria was formally restored to him, which however met strong opposition with the result that Otto's former son-in-law Welf I de facto remained duke.

In 1532, Pope Clement VII, who was born Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici, appointed Alessandro de ' Medici as duke over the Republic of Florence, the de ' Medici family having acted as de facto rulers over the city of Florence since 1434.