The Estates of the land then met at Königsberg ( Królewiec ) and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther.

The duke then set out for the Shrine of Saint James of Compostela, in the company of other pilgrims ; however, he died on Good Friday 9 April 1137.

Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with the Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax.

* While returning from Italy in 1576 Edward de Vere first encountered a cavalry division outside of Paris that was being led by a German duke and then pirates in the English Channel.

To withstand Saxon overlordship Wenceslaus ' father Vratislaus had forged an alliance with the Bavarian duke Arnulf the Bad, then a fierce opponent of King Henry ; however, it became worthless when Arnulf and Henry reconciled at Regensburg in 921.

Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England.

The chronicler also claimed that the duke secured the support of Emperor Henry IV and King Sweyn II of Denmark, but as Henry was still a minor and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, these claims should be treated with caution.

With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria.

His son Alfonso II married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-duke Cosimo I of Tuscany, then Barbara, sister of the emperor Maximilian II and finally Margherita Gonzaga, daughter of the duke of Mantua.

But at the very start the German Protestant estates declined to send any delegates to a council in Italy, while the duke of Mantua himself set down such large requirements that Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project.

His son Alfonso II first married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-duke Cosimo I of Tuscany, then after becoming a widower, Barbara, the sister of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor ( 1527 – 1576 ) and finally a third wife, Margherita Gonzaga, daughter of the duke of Mantua.

The last duke, Ercole III, was deposed in 1796 by the French and his two duchies became the Cispadane Republic which one year later was merged into the Cisalpine Republic and then into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

" Grand duke " is the traditional translation of the title Velikiy Kniaz ( Великий Князь ), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Prince of Kievan Rus ', then of several princes of the Rus '.

" Hoc vernant lilia corde " ( granted by Louis XII, then duke of Orléans ), meaning " It is by this heart that lilies flourish " or " This heart makes lilies flourish ", referring to the fleur de lys, symbol of the French royal family.

At San Severino, after the victorious campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as duke of Apulia ( August 1137 ), and the emperor then retired to Germany.

In time they had increased their power well beyond military matters, and had become the real administrators and executive power of the province, a trend seen in the other gouvernements of France, but particularly acute in Languedoc, where the duke of Montmorency, governor of Languedoc, even openly rebelled against the king, then was defeated and beheaded in Toulouse in 1632 by the order of Richelieu.

Aided by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and other Protestant princes, he fought a victorious battle against Ferdinand's troops at Lauffen in May 1534, and then by the treaty of Cadan he again became duke, but perforce duke of the duchy as an Austrian fief.

From Florence he went to the court of the duke of Mantua, and then again to Florence.

Initially the coup d ' état of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

But then, Jane would agree only to make him Duke of Clarence —" I will not be a duke, I will be King ", Guildford replied.

Thanks to his natural caution and reserve, Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career ; and he justified abundantly the choice of the French court in sending him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years.

These Richard arrests, and eventually beheads, and then has a conversation with the Prince and his younger brother, the duke of York.

The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became duke of this land, the lower comital title being then merged into the higher ducal one.

It was already called a civitas in a 1288 document issued by the Piast duke Henry V of Legnica, and officially received town privileges in 1333.

But when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot.

The duke then issued a proclamation called the Brunswick Manifesto, written by the French king's cousin, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, the leader of an émigré corps within the allied army, which declared the Allies ' intent to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law.

It was issued against the advice of Brunswick himself, whose signature appeared on it ; the duke, a model sovereign in his own principality, sympathised with the constitutional side of the French Revolution, while as a soldier he had no confidence in the success of the enterprise.

Pierre de Polignac, member of a cadet branch of one of France's most renowned ducal families, noble at least since the 12th century, duke in 1780, peer in 1817, and a descendant of Marie Antoinette's favourite, Yolande de Polatron, duchesse de Polignac ), he changed his name and coat of arms to those borne by the House of Grimaldi by Monegasque ordinance issued on 18 March 1920, the day before his wedding.

It was asserted the manifesto was in fact issued against the advice of Brunswick himself ; the duke, a model sovereign in his own principality, sympathized with the constitutional side of the French Revolution, while as a soldier he had no confidence in the success of the enterprise.

Both the duke of Brabant and the count of Flanders issued them and they were sometimes imitated in the North.

The exclusive right of engraving and publishing plates from the pictures in the Düsseldorf gallery was granted him by the duke of Bavaria in 1789, but, after he had issued more than twenty of these plates, the siege of that city by the French put an end to this undertaking and caused him serious financial loss.

However, mining permits were not issued, and the duke decided ‘ to free ’ the poor people of Mexico.

Within a few months, a warrant for his arrest was issued on a charge of uttering false money and he fled abroad again, deserting his wife, to enter the service of the duke of Savoy.

To the pope, head of the universal Church, to the duke of Burgundy, taking full advantage of his position on the borders of France and of the Empire, or to Othon, who found it quite natural that he should do homage to Edward for Tipperary and to the count of Savoy for Grandson, Flotte's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible.

As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants ' War, and the wars against the Ottoman Turks, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.

Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two more years, and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568.

Regarded as a capable soldier by the emperor, Albert ( in 1475 ) took a prominent part in the campaign against Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and in 1487 led an expedition against Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, which failed owing to lack of support on the part of the emperor.

When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested from Viscount Ji Huan to allow the duke and his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds.

The influence of the grateful new queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf — the princesse des Ursins having been chased out — within not much more than a year Alberoni was made a duke and grandee of Spain, a member of the king's council, appointed bishop of Málaga, and in 1715 prime minister, and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XI, under pressure from the court of Spain, in July 1717.

At first he was not opposed to Luther, but as time went on and Luther's aim became clear to him, he turned more and more from the Reformer, and was finally, in consequence of this change of attitude, drawn into an acrimonious correspondence in which Luther, according to some without any justification, heavily criticized the duke.

In Württemberg the duke lavished funds on palaces, mistresses, great celebration, and hunting expeditions.

He voluntarily exiled himself from Silesia in 1529 in order to relieve pressure on and embarrassment of his duke.

At Worms in 829, Louis gave Charles Alemannia with the title of king or duke ( historians differ on this ), thus enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.

" For example, the play's Verona is situated on a tidal river and has a duke, and none of the characters have distinctly Italian names like in the later plays.

Henry objected to the marriage of Fulk ’ s daughter Sibylla of Anjou to William Clito, the son of the duke of Normandy, on the grounds that they were too closely related by blood, being sixth cousins.

At the same time, the self described “ duke ” Exhilaratus and his son Hadrian rebelled in Naples, sided with the emperor and marched on Rome in order to kill Gregory, but were overthrown by the people and killed.

Instigated by the king of Spain and the duke of Mayenne, he excommunicated Henry IV of France on 1 March 1591, reiterating the 1585 declaration of Pope Sixtus V that as a heretic ( Protestent ) Henry of Navarre was ineligible to succeed to the throne of Catholic France and deprived of his dominions.

In As You Like It, the exiled duke and his men " live like the old Robin Hood of England ", while Ben Jonson produced the ( incomplete ) masque The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin Hood as a satire on Puritanism.

Richard I was officially crowned duke on 20 July 1189 and king in Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189.

The system, though ancient, began to become of importance only after the division of the duchy of Saxony on the fall of Henry the Lion, when the archbishop of Cologne, duke of Westphalia from 1180 onwards, placed himself as representative of the emperor at the head of the Fehme.

In exchange for Russian support, he agreed to give up any remaining Polish claims to Livonia, and promised to Anna of Russia her choice of successor to the Duchy of Courland, a Polish fief ( of which she had been duchess prior to her ascension to the Russian throne ) which would have otherwise come under direct Polish rule on the death of the current duke, Ferdinand Kettler, who had no heirs.

Although Wenceslas was, during his lifetime, only a duke, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I posthumously " conferred on the regal dignity and title " and that is why, in the legend and song, he is referred to as a " king ".

William faced several challenges on becoming duke, including his illegitimate birth and his youth: the evidence indicates that he was either seven or eight years old at the time.

Its effect though was to destabilise Brittany, forcing the duke, Conan II, to focus on internal problems rather than expansion.

Archbishop Stigand submitted to William there, and when the duke moved on to Berkhamsted soon afterwards, Edgar the Ætheling, Morcar, Edwin and Archbishop Ealdred also submitted.

According to the 1463 Chronica Austriae by chronicler Thomas Ebendorfer the duke on 23 May 1420, at the behest of the Church, ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews.