Custody means either that the suspect was under arrest or that his freedom of movement was restrained to an extent " associated with a formal arrest.

Absent a formal arrest, the issue is whether a reasonable person in the suspect's position would have believed that he was under " full custodial " arrest.

In Mahon a body of armed men from Kentucky forcibly took, without a warrant, a man in West Virginia to bring him back to Kentucky for formal arrest and trial.

A person subjected to a routine traffic stop on the other hand, has been seized, but is not " arrested " because traffic stops are a relatively brief encounter and are more analogous to a Terry stop than to a formal arrest.

As stated in Brewer v. Williams,, the right to counsel “ at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment .” Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversary proceeding have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested, “ arraigned on arrest warrant before a judge ,” and “ committed by the court to confinement ,” “ here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha been initiated .”

At the same time, some powerful industrial lobbies and government leaders in Britain, exemplified by Joseph Chamberlain, came to view a formal empire as necessary to arrest Britain's relative decline in world markets.

Although the 1997 Criminal Procedure Law allows the police to detain a person for up to 37 days before release or formal arrest, more vigorous court reviews have led to the release of thousands of unlawfully detained individuals.

" Governor Vance was formally pardoned on March 11, 1867, though no formal charges had ever been filed against him leading to his arrest, during his imprisonment, nor during the period of his parole.

Although the agency has no formal arrest powers, suspects are often arrested and detained by law enforcement agencies at the request of IB officials.

" He had not gone beyond the ninth grade in his formal education before his arrest and incarceration.

In October 1980, following the bombing of the Philippine International Convention Center, Marcos again ordered Salonga's arrest ; this time he was detained at Fort Bonifacio without any formal charges and investigation.

At the formal presentation of the peace proposal by Krishna at the court of Hastinapur, Krishna's peace proposals were ignored, and Duryodhana publicly ordered his soldiers to arrest Krishna.

* Natural deduction, an approach to proof theory that attempts to provide a formal model of logical reasoning as it " naturally " occurs

In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence.

There is much less consensus on the crucial question of how much knowledge acquired in school transfers to tasks encountered outside formal educational settings, and how such transfer occurs.

Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence, idea or formula refers to itself.

One other use of the distinction that occurs in some languages is the expression of " mock respect ", essentially a humorous way of expressing disapproval, by the use of the formal form to address people with whom one would not normally use it, such as children or close friends.

This is due to the sample undergoing a change in heat capacity ; no formal phase change occurs.

Curry's paradox also occurs in formal logic.

Informal science education is the science teaching and learning that occurs outside of the formal school curriculum in places such as museums, the media, and community-based programs.

As a society becomes more democratic, conventions and limitations on the power of the head of state become increasingly established and constitutional evolution occurs by establishing conventions rather than by formal amendment of the constitution.

In a formal language, ' Nothing ' only means, such as " there is nothing which is outside ", i. e., and thus ' Nothing ' never occurs as a noun or as a predicate.

In psychiatry, a thought disorder ( TD ) or formal thought disorder ( FTD ) occurs when an individual has serious problems with thinking, feelings, and behavior.

Hypercorrection occurs when a speaker attempting to sound formal transforms a monophthong into a diphthong when it has always been a monophthong, even in written language.

This occurs when a student attends the university for a short period of time, but there is no formal co-operation between universities.

* Formal Hall ( formal dinner, which occurs as frequently as every night in some colleges and as rarely as once a term in others, or not at all )

A sample sentence below reveals that much of the differences between formal and colloquial Burmese occurs in grammatical particles and lexical items:

In formal language, gimbal lock occurs because the map from Euler angles to rotations ( topologically, from the 3-torus T < sup > 3 </ sup > to the real projective space RP < sup > 3 </ sup >) is not a covering map – it is not a local homeomorphism at every point, and thus at some points the rank ( degrees of freedom ) must drop below 3, at which point gimbal lock occurs.

An interim leader, in Canadian politics, is a party leader appointed by the party's legislative caucus or the party's executive to temporarily act as leader when a gap occurs between the resignation or death of a party leader and the election of a formal successor.

In the Pañcakrama tantric tradition ascribed to ( the Vajrayana ) Nagarjuna, ānāpānasmṛti counting breaths is said to be sufficient to provoke an experience of vipaśyanā ( although it occurs in the context of " formal tantric practice of the completion stage in highest yogatantra ").

Afterward occurs the Papal Installation or Papal Coronation, depending on the form of inauguration and investiture a new pope chooses, and the formal possession of the cathedra of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano.

A peculiarity occurs in Boyacá and among older speakers in Bogotá: usted is replaced by sumercé for formal situations ( it is relatively easy to identify a Boyacense by his / her use of this pronoun ).

This definitive version of the motive, combining all three attributes, occurs at only three different points ( not counting the repetition in bar 3 ), each initiating a new and major formal subdivision of the piece.

Uncontrolled studies have suggested theories about the disorder, however a large scale formal prospective outcome trial found that the weight of the evidence-based medicine is that piriformis syndrome should be considered as a possible diagnosis when sciatica occurs without a clear spinal cause.

The closest thing to a formal endorsement of the term occurs in the Labour Code, 2010 ( a British Virgin Islands statute ) which includes a reference and statutory definition for the " Sister Islands ", which the Code defines as meaning ' the islands of the Virgin Islands other than Tortola '.

However, when philosophy attempts to stand above the sciences, to dictate the conditions of empirical research, it becomes formal metaphysics ; ;

His interest in the formal study of religion waned when he was sixteen and he substituted for it an interest in Asian affairs.

After an appeal is heard, the " mandate " is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal ; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and, when filed by the clerk of the trial court, constitutes the final judgment on the case, unless the appeal court has directed further proceedings in the trial court.

This led to the first of a number of periods in which an outside power controlled Athens ; Often the outside power set up a local agent as political boss in Athens ; but when Athens was independent, it operated under its traditional form of government ; even the bosses, like Demetrius of Phalerum, kept the traditional institutions in formal existence.

) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles.

However, full civil equality was obtained only when they received the formal rights of citizenship, which had long been withheld from them in their own communities of Endingen and Lengnau.

Christopher Marlowe's play Tamburlane the Great was first performed in London in 1587, three years after the formal opening of English-Ottoman trade relations when William Harborne sailed for Constantinople as agent of the Levant Company.

Hussein learned of the agreement when it was leaked by the new Russian government in December 1917, but was satisfied by two disingenuous telegrams from Sir Reginald Wingate, High Commissioner of Egypt, assuring him that the British government's commitments to the Arabs were still valid and that the Sykes-Picot Agreement was not a formal treaty.

Gottlob Frege did explicitly axiomatize a theory in which the formalized version of naive set theory can be interpreted, and it is this formal theory which Bertrand Russell actually addressed when he presented his paradox.

Between then and 1764, when a more formal revised version was published, a number of things happened which were to separate the Scottish Episcopal liturgy more firmly from either the English books of 1549 or 1559.

Chile won its formal independence when San Martín defeated the last large Spanish force on Chilean soil at the Battle of Maipú on April 5, 1818.

In several languages, including English, pronouns and possessives may be capitalized to indicate respect, e. g., when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to God.

A formal grammar is considered " context free " when its production rules can be applied regardless of the context of a nonterminal.

This so-called " register name " ( 譜名 ) is the one under which his extended relatives knew him, and the one he used in formal occasions, such as when he got married.

In the United States, dates are rarely written in purely numerical forms in formal writing, although they are very common elsewhere ; when numerical forms are used, the month appears first.

Women are typically not eligible to teach in formal gatherings of the ecclesia when male believers are present, and do not sit on the main ecclesial arranging ( organising ) committees.

Generally, at formal ecclesial and inter-ecclesial meetings the women wear head coverings when there are acts of worship and prayer.

While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge.

However the start of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War led to Sudan and Ethiopia put this conflict between them and normalizing their relations by November 1999 when president Omar Hassan al-Bashir made a formal visit to Addis Ababa.

A personal high point was the reception of the Japanese surrender in Singapore when British troops returned to the island to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region led by General Itagaki Seishiro on 12 September 1945, codenamed Operation Tiderace.

The archipelago became a French possession in 1892 when captain Richard of the Primauget made a formal claim.

Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a formal science.

** In some languages, the formal representation of aspect is optional, and can be omitted when the aspect is clear from context or does not need to be emphasized.

The division of theocratic power can be disputed, as happened between the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor in the Investiture conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support, and thereby his own legitamcy, by incorporating the formal ceremony of unction during coronation.

A new definition of hypnosis, derived from academic psychology, was provided in 2005, when the Society for Psychological Hypnosis, Division 30 of the American Psychological Association ( APA ), published the following formal definition: