The Freedericksz transition is fundamental to the operation of many liquid crystal displays because the director orientation ( and thus the properties ) can be controlled easily by the application of a field.

To reach higher frequencies, a crystal can be made to vibrate at one of its overtone modes, which occur near multiples of the fundamental resonant frequency.

To produce higher frequencies, manufacturers make overtone crystals tuned to put the 3rd, 5th, or 7th overtone at the desired frequency, because they are thicker and therefore easier to manufacture than a fundamental crystal that would produce the same frequency — although getting the desired overtone frequency requires a slightly more complicated oscillator circuit.

The most enduring feature of Anaximenes ' cosmos was its conception of the stars being fixed on a crystal sphere as in a rigid frame, which became a fundamental principle of cosmology down to Copernicus and Kepler.

This principle was later formalized by his student Woldemar Voigt ( 1850 – 1918 ) in 1885: ‘‘ the symmetry of the physical phenomenon is at least as high as the crystallographic symmetry ,’’ which became a fundamental postulate of crystal physics known as ‘‘ Neumann ’ s principle ’’.

Mesogen is the fundamental unit of a liquid crystal that induces structural order in the crystals.

Ellipsometry can probe the complex refractive index or dielectric function tensor, which gives access to fundamental physical parameters and is related to a variety of sample properties, including morphology, crystal quality, chemical composition, or electrical conductivity.

Setup for an interferometric autocorrelator, similar to the field autocorrelator above, with the following optics added: L: converging lens ( optics ) | lens, SHG: second-harmonic generation crystal, F: spectral filter ( optics ) | filter to block the fundamental wavelength.

The output frequency of a quartz oscillator can be either the fundamental resonance or a multiple of the resonance, called an overtone frequency.

When the oscillator is long and thin, such as a guitar string, or the column of air in a trumpet, many of the partials are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency ; these are called harmonics.

The oscillator generates an audio waveform, which ( except for noise waveforms ) includes a fundamental pitch and a series of harmonic partials.

The fundamental vibrational frequency ( ν ) of a chemical bond between atom A and B is, when approximated by a harmonic oscillator:

Subharmonic frequencies are frequencies below the fundamental frequency of an oscillator in a ratio of 1 / n, with n a positive integer number.

For example, if the fundamental frequency of an oscillator is 440 Hz, sub-harmonics include 220 Hz ( 1 / 2 ) and 110 Hz ( 1 / 4 ).

The Kepler problem and the simple harmonic oscillator problem are the two most fundamental problems in classical mechanics.

While not fundamental to circuit operation, diodes connected in series with the base or emitter of the transistors are required to prevent the base-emitter junction being driven into reverse breakdown when the supply voltage is in excess of the V < sub > eb </ sub > breakdown voltage, typically around 5-10 volts for general purpose silicon transistors.

The SQUID, coupled to a second-order gradiometer and input circuit, along with the application of gradients, are the fundamental entities which allow a research group to retrieve noninvasive images.

Circuits with hysteresis are based on the fundamental positive feedback idea: any active circuit can be made to behave as a Schmitt trigger by applying a positive feedback so that the loop gain is more than one.

Like every latch, the fundamental collector-base coupled bistable circuit possesses a hysteresis.

Evaluating is a fundamental characteristic of human organisms and seems to work in a kind of closed circuit with a feedback mechanism: First, perception biases response, and then response tends to bias subsequent perception.

Rise time is an analog parameter of fundamental importance in high speed electronics, since it is a measure of the ability of a circuit to respond to fast input signals.

In its most fundamental form an evolutionary algorithm manipulates a population of individuals where each individual describes how to construct a candidate circuit.

This Porsche still holds the fastest lap at the Le Mans racing circuit to this day but of course, there have been a number of fundamental changes to the circuit since 1971.

In the most recent circuit design shown, both the primary and secondary sides of the circuit operate at close to the same fundamental frequency.

The fundamental passive linear circuit elements are the resistor ( R ), capacitor ( C ) and inductor ( L ).

For both Plato and Aristotle artistic mimesis, in contrast to the power of dialectic, is relatively incapable of expressing the character of fundamental reality.

That is to say Gabriel's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more.

It is a weakness of Gabriel's analysis that he never seems to realize that his so-called fundamental law had already been cut loose from its foundations when it was adapted to democracy.

There is another kind of ardor, a quiet, sure devotion to the fundamental decencies of human life, but no angry utopian contentions.

But the most fundamental objection he has to poets appears in the Tenth Book, and it is derived from his doctrine of ideal forms.

But in ways more fundamental than specific political opinions they are still what they always were: passionate, sure without a shadow of doubt of whatever it is that they are sure of, capable of seeing black and white only and, therefore, committed to the logical extreme of whatever it is they are temporarily committed to.

Mr. Richard Preston, executive director of the New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, in his remarks to the Governors Conference on Industrial Development at Providence on October 8, 1960, warned against the fallacy of attempting to attract industry solely to reduce the tax rate or to underwrite municipal services such as schools when he said: `` If this is the fundamental reason for a community's interest or if this is the basic approach, success if any will be difficult to obtain ''.

If a dancer is good, she suggests purely and superbly the fundamental mechanics of ancestry and progeny -- the continuum of mankind.

The most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention, our resources, and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries.

A second fundamental principle is that involved particularly in the present proceeding -- the difference between nighttime and daytime propagation conditions with respect to the standard broadcast frequencies.

For example, child welfare experience abounds with cases in which the parental request for substitute care is precipitated by a crisis event which is meaningfully linked with a fundamental unresolved problem of family relationships.

In the new country the electoral process is considered as a means of resolving fundamental, and sometimes bitter, differences among leaders and also as a source of policy guidance.

The system as indicated in Fig. 7-2 is fundamental and simple because the transient effects of both the platform servo and the accelerometer have been neglected.

However needed this may be, the fundamental problem is not information but active commitment to the total mission of the church of Christ in the world.

The fundamental difficulty of which the Selden case was `` a striking ( though not singular ) example '', concluded Hough, `` will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present, and responsible for the maintenance of discipline, and the reception or exclusion of testimony ''.

( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.

A fundamental source of knowledge in the world today is the book found in our libraries.

Even though his theological theses have become, to us, commonplaces, the fundamental interrogation he phrased is very much with us.

The `` belaboring '' is of course jocular, yet James was not lacking in fundamental seriousness -- unless we measure him by that ultimate seriousness of the great religious leader or thinker who stakes all on his vision of God.

The fundamental technique is a partitioning of the total sum of squares SS into components related to the effects used in the model.