"... to justify a belief one must appeal to a further justified belief.

In a short but influential paper published in 1963, Gettier produced examples that seemed to show that someone could be justified in believing something which is actually false, and inferring from it a further belief, this belief being coincidentally true.

A further link is supplied by the Zulu belief that the magician's familiar is really a transformed human being ; when he finds a dead body on which he can work his spells without fear of discovery, the wizard breathes a sort of life into it, which enables it to move and speak, it being thought that some dead wizard has taken possession of it.

Another Minor Threat song from the second EP, Out of Step, further demonstrates the belief: " Don't smoke / Don't drink / Don't fuck / At least I can fucking think / I can't keep up / I'm out of step with the world.

" As a result of the large-scale activities surrounding the Harmonic Convergence in 1987, the American mass-media further popularised the term as a label for the alternative spiritual subculture, including practices such as meditation, channeling, crystal healing, astral projection, psychic experience, holistic health, simple living, and environmentalism ; or belief in phenomena such as Earth mysteries, ancient astronauts, extraterrestrial life, unidentified flying objects, crop circles, and reincarnation.

Since Gettier proposed his counterexamples the traditional analysis has included the further claim that knowledge must be more than justified true belief.

Kaharingan, an animist folk religion of the Iban branch of the Dayak people, accepted as a form of Hinduism by the Indonesian government, includes the belief of a supreme deity as well as the rooster and cockfight in relation to that of the spiritual and religious and some with the belief that humans become the fighting cocks of god, with the Iban further believing the rooster and cockfight was introduced to them by god.

Mary Perkins, another teacher there, conveyed a progressive image of womanhood to Anthony, further fostering her growing belief in women's equality.

For example, suppose someone might believe that there is intelligent life on Mars, and base this belief on a further belief, that there is a feature on the surface of Mars that looks like a face, and that this face could only have been made by intelligent life.

But suppose further that the justifying belief is itself unjustified.

With the surrender of France to Germany on June 25, 1940, and the belief that Britain was under imminent threat of a Nazi invasion, the convention opened in an atmosphere of great excitement and national stress ; this is believed to have boosted Willkie's chances even further.

The principal trainer acts as a facilitator who uses a high percentage of open questions to allow the participants to reflect critically on their own way of thinking, feeling, or behaving in a given context-usually involving a problem or desired outcome-and guiding participants to form the conclusion or an axiom / principle / belief through their own efforts, potentially highlighting dissonance, conflicts of thought and actions with questions for further discussion.

" Baldwin expressed his belief that Mrs. Simpson would be unacceptable to the British people as queen, but agreed to take further soundings.

When explaining his actions to IF Commander Hyrum Graff, Ender states his belief that, by showing superiority now, he will have prevented further fights in the future.

This variety, and toleration of greater and greater differences in belief, has resulted in further deviations from historic Christianity.

As further described in the same online source, their ( matrilineal ) adat and their Islam religion each help the other to avoid the extremes of some modern global trends: Their strong belief in and practice of adat helps their Islam religion to not adopt a " simplistic anti-Western " version of Islam, while their strong belief in and practice of both Islam and adat helps the Minangs to limit or avoid some undesired effects of modern global capitalism.

The Soviet chose not to force further changes in government due to the belief that the February Revolution was Russia's " crowing " overthrow of the bourgeois.

The third theme can be viewed as a natural outgrowth of the belief that God had a direct influence in the foundation and further actions of the United States.

The Flat Earth Society ( also known as the International Flat Earth Society or the International Flat Earth Research Society ) is an organization that seeks to further the belief that the Earth is flat instead of an oblate spheroid.

And she really tried to go a step further and say she hoped they'd be just as right as they now were for her and for Rod.

And now Mr. Hodges has pioneered further into the economic unknown with the announcement that he thinks business has stopped sliding and that it should start going upward from this point.

A new waterfront site for the bureau is now being built at Atlantic City, New Jersey, to provide the most modern marine testing facilities as a further tool to keep the sport safe.

For it had turned out, by a further paradox of Cubism, that the means to an illusion of depth and plasticity had now become widely divergent from the means of representation or imaging.

After Cuba and Laos, it was argued, Mr. Khrushchev will interpret the President's consent to the meeting as further evidence of Western weakness -- perhaps even panic -- and is certain to try to exploit the advantage he now believes he holds.

The discovery of chlorpromazine's psychoactive effects in 1952 led to greatly reduced use of restraint, seclusion, and sedation in the management of agitated patients, and also led to further research that resulted in the development of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and the majority of other drugs now used in the management of psychiatric conditions.

The return, however, was not without problems of its own: the returnees found themselves in conflict with those Jews who had remained in the country and who now owned the land, and there were further conflicts over the form of government that should be set up.

BSI is similar in nature to universal precautions, but goes further in isolating workers from pathogens, including substances now known to carry HIV.

Body substance isolation went further than universal precautions in isolating workers from pathogens, including substances now currently known to carry HIV.

A few years later, St. Petersburg craftsman Paserbsky further refined the instruments by adding a fully chromatic set of frets and also a number of balalaikas in orchestral sizes with the tunings now found in modern instruments.

Rassam collected thousands of cuneiform tablets, today with the acquisition of further tablets in the 20th century, the collection now numbers around 130, 000 pieces.

Through volcanic activity due to thermal expansion this continent broke and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where the oceans now lie.

The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University.

Marvin Minsky expanded the model to two or more tapes and greatly simplified the tapes into " up-down counters ", which Melzak and Lambek further evolved into what is now known as the counter machine model.

I've considered this matter enough and now I'm going to act ," in the full knowledge that I could have considered further, in the full knowledge that the eventualities may prove that I decided in error, but with the acceptance of responsibility in any case.

The terminology is further blurred by the ( now rare ) synonym finite Fourier transform for the DFT, which apparently predates the term " fast Fourier transform " ( Cooley et al., 1969 ) but has the same initialism.

In a further sign of regeneration in the area, the Docklands now has its own symphony orchestra-Docklands Sinfonia-which was formed in January 2009 and is based at St Anne's Limehouse.

Subsequently, the Chester Beatty library was able to track down and buy a further 42 leaves, so that now approximately eighty per cent of the Syriac commentary is available ( McCarthy 1994 ).

Campbell now reverted to Bluebird K7 for a further attempt on the water speed record.

Nozick further claims this condition addresses a case of the sort described by D. M. Armstrong: A father believes his son innocent of committing a particular crime, both because of faith in his son and ( now ) because he has seen presented in the courtroom a conclusive demonstration of his son's innocence.

" Diderot, in his Encyclopédie article of the same name, went further: " to collect all the knowledge that now lies scattered over the face of the earth, to make known its general structure to the men among we live, and to transmit it to those who will come after us ," to make men not only wiser but also " more virtuous and more happy.

This development was further strengthened by the establishment ( in 1996 ) of a series of conferences on the Evolution of Language ( now known as " Evolang "), promoting a scientific, multidisciplinary approach to the issue, and interest from major academic publishers ( e. g., the Studies in the Evolution of Language series has been appearing with Oxford University Press since 2001 ) and scientific journals.

Work on a script for a further film has started although it was announced on July 13, 2011 that Raimi and Campbell would now shift focus to a remake of the original film.

By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).

Drawn replays are now settled with extra time and penalty shootouts, though until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious.