They wrote " History, as Hegel said, moves upward in a spiral of negations ," and that " punctuated equilibria is a model for discontinuous tempos of change ( in ) the process of speciation and the deployment of species in geological time.

No single model of the island's geological evolution can therefore be ascertained.

However, the island comprises a number of discrete eruptive centers that range in age from mid-Pliocene to Pleistocene, these prevent any single model of the island's geological evolution.

" Then he tried to find a mathematical model of a cosmic mechanism as to describe the Earth's climatic and geological history.

The transformation of one rock type to another is described by the geological model called the rock cycle.

* Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model

This can be combined with seismic attribute analysis and other exploration geophysics tools and used to help geologists build a geological model of the area of interest.

According to the current geological model, catastrophic flooding channeled water at 65 miles per hour through the Upper Grand Coulee and over this rock face at the end of the last ice age.

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the subsurface of a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model.

The equation has also been utilised in seismology to model the two plates in a geological fault.

His theories have few supporters in the geological community compared to the more widely accepted model of plate tectonics.

The Highland Boundary Fault runs past Bute and through the northern part of Arran, so from a geological perspective some of the islands are in the Highlands and some in the Central Lowlands.

During this time his geological field-work frequently took him to the Isle of Arran, the Hebrides, Orkney, the Shetland Islands and the Irish mainland.

When the Beagle made its first stop ashore at St Jago, Darwin found rock formations which seen " through Lyell's eyes " gave him a revolutionary insight into the geological history of the island, an insight he applied throughout his travels.

For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun ( heliocentric theory ), or that living things are not made of cells ( cell theory ), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales ( the theory of plate tectonics )... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.

The regard in which she was held by the geological community was shown in 1846 when, upon learning of her cancer diagnosis, the Geological Society raised money from its members to help with her expenses and the council of the newly created Dorset County Museum made her an honorary member.

Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.

In 1792 and 1797 he was in Vienna ; in 1795 he made a geological and botanical tour through Switzerland and Italy.

A topographic study may be made for a variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering, public works, or reclamation projects.

From 1852 to 1854, Joseph Hekekyan, then working for the Egyptian government, conducted geological surveys on the site, and on these occasions made a number of discoveries, such as those at Kom el-Khanzir ( northeast of the great temple of Ptah ).

An SSSI may be made on any area of land which is considered to be of special interest by virtue of its fauna, flora, geological or physiographical / geomorphological features.

The rocks possess great geological interest, and were made well known by the publication of the evangelical geologist Hugh Miller, The Footprints of the Creator or The Asterolepsis of Stromness ( 1850 ).

The city's name derives from a geological formation known as Warm Springs Mound which contained natural saline that made for a natural salt lick for the local deer population, the protected valley in which Deer Lodge is located was where most of the local wildlife would winter as the temperatures lowered in the high country.

The Devils Marbles are made of granite, which surfaces like a little geological island in the desert, surrounded by large amounts of sandstone.

The geologist James Hutton became very involved in the canal between 1767 and 1774 ; he contributed his geological knowledge, made extended site inspections, and acted both as a shareholder and as a member of the management committee.

The abruptness seemed consistent with special creation by God ( although Cuvier's finding that different types made their paleontological debuts in different geological strata clearly did not ).

For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun ( heliocentric theory ), or that living things are not made of cells ( cell theory ), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales ( the theory of plate tectonics )... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.

) Starting in earnest in February 1911, she made geological excursions and visited geological collections in museums, before shipping specimens back to England for further investigation.

Saussure's geological observations made him a firm believer in the Neptunian theory: he regarded all rocks and minerals as deposited from aqueous solution or suspension, and attached much importance to the study of meteorological conditions.

What appears certain from analysis of the molecular data, calibrated against geological events that would have induced speciation is that there are 2 major lineages of curassows: one containing only Crax, and another made up of Mitu and Pauxi.

Erosion usually exposes the geological formations, which are most often made of very hard and solid metamorphic or igneous rock.

At the request of the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, he made a geological and mineralogical survey of the Gippsland region in present-day eastern Victoria, where he made many discoveries.

Many of the pivotal discoveries of the Victorian era that contributed to the development of the concept of plate tectonics were made in this area, and there are still regular international geological conferences.

In 1835 he made a geological tour of the Levant with Hugh Edwin Strickland, continuing on his own through Armenia and across Asia Minor.

In 1809 he made the earliest attempt at a geological map of the United States of America.

In 1875, he was made assistant on the geological survey of Brazil and remained on that work until the survey was abolished by the government and Professor Hartt died.

The average overall albedo of Earth, its planetary albedo, is 30 to 35 %, because of the covering by clouds, but varies widely locally across the surface, depending on the geological and environmental features.

The most productive portion of arable land is that from sediments left by rivers and the sea in geological times.

The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from million years ago ( mya ) ; it is succeeded by the Ordovician.

Identified possible problems are the many ' leak ' opportunities provided by old oil wells, the need for high injection pressures and acidification which can damage the geological barrier.

In the North Sea, Norway's Statoil natural-gas platform Sleipner strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration.

Large single crystals can be created by geological processes.

On other planets and moons that experience more-active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io and Titan, visible impact craters are less common because they become eroded, buried or transformed by tectonics over time.

Many other shock-related changes take place within both impactor and target as the shock wave passes through, and some of these changes can be used as diagnostic tools to determine whether particular geological features were produced by impact cratering.

It has a temperate climate and provides a unique geological and biological environment that has been recognised by the designation of several Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Construction finally got underway in 1881 but was hampered by geological and financial problems that bankrupted the original builders.

By 1827, he had abandoned law and embarked on a geological career that would result in fame and the general acceptance of uniformitarianism, a working out of the idea proposed by James Hutton a few decades earlier.

" Geological remains from the distant past can, and should, be explained by reference to geological processes now in operation and thus directly observable.

Its status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences ( IUGS ), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.

The government of Eritrea reportedly is in the process of conducting a geological survey for use by potential investors in the mining sector.

Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.

In China, the polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

William Smith ( 1769 – 1839 ) drew some of the first geological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata ( layers ) by examining the fossils contained in them.

The shape of the Earth is to a large extent the result of its rotation, which causes its equatorial bulge, and the competition of geological processes such as the collision of plates and of volcanism, resisted by the Earth's gravity field.

Different spans of time on the GTS are usually delimited by changes in the composition of strata which correspond to them, indicating major geological or paleontological events, such as mass extinctions.

Before joining NASA as a member of the first group of scientist-astronauts in June 1965, he worked at the U. S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Center at Flagstaff, Arizona, developing geological field techniques that would be used by the Apollo crews.

The 1915 novel Plutonia by Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the hollow Earth to take the reader through various geological epochs.

Restatements of his geological ideas ( though not his thoughts on evolution ) by John Playfair in 1802 and then Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the concept of an infinitely repeating cycle, though Lyell tended to dismiss Hutton's views as giving too much credence to catastrophic changes.