There is no theoretical perspective for economically viable boost-phase defense against the latest solid-fueled ICBMs, no matter if it would be ground-based missiles, space-based missiles, or airborne laser ( ABL ).

A ground-based interceptor, designed to destroy incoming ICBM s, is lowered into its missile silo | silo at the missile defense complex at Fort Greely, July 22, 2004.

Weinberger pushed for dramatic increases in the United States ' nuclear weapons arsenal and was a strong advocate of the controversial Strategic Defense Initiative, an initiative which proposed a space and ground-based missile defense shield.

Some critics say it might not be as effective as a ground-based defense.

Also, the US Defense Department has said it would be just one component of a wider defense which might also include ground-based facilities.

Textron Defense Systems is a provider of " smart " weapons ; airborne and ground-based sensors and surveillance systems ; and protection systems for the defense, aerospace, and homeland security communities.

* J / FPS-3 Japanese main ground-based air defense Radar produced by Melco

As of February 2007, the U. S. missile defense system consists of 13 ground-based interceptors at Ft Greely in Alaska, plus two interceptors at Vandenberg AFB, California.

A ground-based interceptor, designed to destroy incoming ICBM s, is lowered into its missile silo | silo at the missile defense complex at Fort Greely, July 22, 2004.

The United Nations set up a two-tiered global defense system against the threat: the primary one being a space-based Comet Blaster group and the secondary being a ground-based Meteor Sweeper group.

EWTRs are equipped with ground-based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions.

This led to the possibility that DME interrogation pulses from different aircraft might be confused, but this was solved by having each aircraft send out a different series of pulses which the ground-based transponder repeated back.

Although, as of 2009, none of the extrasolar planets detected by ground-based astrometry has been verified in subsequent studies, astrometry is expected to be more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.

GPS can be thought of as an evolution of the SECOR system where the ground-based transmitters have been migrated into orbit.

* The Space Fence is envisaged to be a system of two or three S-band ground-based radars designed to perform uncued detection, tracking and accurate measurement of orbiting space objects.

A ground-based missile cannot be used in the same fashion ; it is either launched or not.

Mass drivers can be used to propel spacecraft in three different ways: A large, ground-based mass driver could be used to launch spacecraft away from Earth, the Moon, or another body.

The launch may be by pulling the aircraft into the air with a tow-line, with a ground-based winch or vehicle, or with a powered " tug " aircraft.

Twenty-one Douglas DC-4 airliners were converted into car ferries as the ATL-98 Carvair, a major task that included replacing the aircraft's original forward fuselage with an extended version incorporating the flight-deck above the cargo hold and a side-hinged nose door through which five cars could be loaded, one at a time, by means of a mobile, ground-based " scissor " lift.

Space-based observatories can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes.

Alternately, aircraft gas turbine engines can be rapidly started using a mobile ground-based pneumatic starting engine, referred to as a start cart or air start cart.

Radial velocities for Hipparcos Catalogue stars, to the extant that they are presently known from independent ground-based surveys, can be found from the astronomical data base of the Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.

However, they can be more destructive than desired: when imported into the West Indies to kill rats and snakes, they destroyed most of the small, ground-based fauna.

Positioned above the atmosphere, Hubble avoids atmospheric airglow allowing it to take more sensitive visible and ultraviolet light images than can be obtained with seeing-limited ground-based telescopes ( when good adaptive optics correction at visible wavelengths becomes possible, 10 m ground-based telescopes may become competitive ).

X-ray observations cannot be performed from ground-based telescopes, since Earth's atmosphere blocks most of the incoming radiation.

Radar images provide information about the shapes and surface properties of solid bodies, which cannot be obtained by other ground-based techniques.

Resolution limits can also be overcome by adaptive optics, speckle imaging or lucky imaging for ground-based telescopes.

A proposal for a NASA standard ground-based version of HAL named HAL / G for " ground " was proposed, but the coming emergence of the soon to be named Ada programming language contributed to Intermetrics ' lack of interest in continuing this work.

The Atlas guidance system was to be a combination of an on-board autonomous system, and a ground-based tracking and command system.

Celestia displays and interacts with objects ranging in scale from small spacecraft to entire galaxies in three dimensions using OpenGL, from perspectives which would not be possible from a classic planetarium or other ground-based display.

Specific research study performed in 2009 shows that the best possible location for ground-based observatory on Earth is Ridge A-a place in the central part of Eastern Antarctica.

The NASA Administrator shall transmit to Congress not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act an initial report that provides the following: ( A ) An analysis of possible alternatives that NASA may employ to carry out the Survey program, including ground-based and space-based alternatives with technical descriptions.

This technique allows ground based telescopes to reach the maximum possible resolution, allowing ground-based telescopes with large diameters to produce far sharper images than the Hubble Space Telescope.

Traditional ground-based weapons are generally not useful in orbital environments, and few if any would survive re-entry even if they were, but as early as the 1950s, the United States has toyed with kinetic bombardment, i. e. orbiting magazines of non-explosive projectiles to be dropped onto hardened targets from low-earth orbit.

The actual landfall was about 35 miles from the location Columbus saw the light, so if taken that the light was from a ground-based source, then it could not have been from Guanahani, but must have been from another island farther east.

Another potential disadvantage compared to active radar homing is that the missile must rely on the ground-based radar for guidance, so if the target is able to put an obstacle between itself and the fixed radar system ( e. g. a hill ), or if it manages to get outside of the radar's tracking envelope ( e. g., fly outside of the tracking “ fan ” of a PATRIOT radar, or fly outside the effective range of another system ) then the missile will not be able to detect reflected radiation from the target and thus will be unable to continue the engagement.

The Germans were keen to get some sort of useful ground-based anti-aircraft system into operation.

French Mistral surface-to-air missiles systems were purchased to add ground-based protection against air attack.

The previous record had been set with a one-way detection of laser light from Earth, by the Galileo probe, as two ground-based lasers were seen from 6 million km by the out-bound probe, in 1992.

During World War I, some ground-based simulators were developed to teach this skill to new pilots.

During World War II, other ground-based flight training devices were produced.

Facilities were not available at that time for ground-based ene-to-end optical testing, so the defect was not found until the telescope was in orbit.

Data gathered from the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based sensors were combined to form a 3D volume visualization of the nebula.

A variety of methods to establish this reference frame link before catalogue publication were included and appropriately weighted: interferometric observations of radio stars by VLBI networks, MERLIN and VLA ; observations of quasars relative to Hipparcos stars using CCDs, photographic plates, and the Hubble Space Telescope ; photographic programmes to determine stellar proper motions with respect to extragalactic objects ( Bonn, Kiev, Lick, Potsdam, Yale / San Juan ); and comparison of Earth rotation parameters obtained by VLBI and by ground-based optical observations of Hipparcos stars.

At the same time, other dedicated programs focused on galaxies that were already known through ground-based observation.

American companies were then sought by the US government to perfect and mass-produce the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory ( recently formed to investigate microwave radar ), Raytheon received a contract to build the devices.

The first observations of Mars were from ground-based telescopes.

As the nebula would be newly formed and very small, ground-based observations were not able to resolve it ; so Bobrowsky observed it with the Hubble Space Telescope, discovering the nebula, which he named the " Stingray Nebula.

For two decades no additional moons were discovered ; but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers using sensitive ground-based detectors found another 32 moons, most of which were discovered by a team led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt.

These images were usually taken by the Hubble Space Telescope or by ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics.

The chemical releases were monitored with optical and radar instrumentation by ground-based observers to measure the bulk properties and movement of the expanding clouds of photo-ionized plasma along field lines after the releases occurred.

However, ground-based results were inconclusive.

A later ground-based survey in the uncrowded outer regions of the cluster also failed to detect planets when several were expected.

In early examples, these were ground-based radars with all the equipment necessary for tracking.

ESD ’ s first RADAR systems were ground-based, but in the 1960s the organization expanded into airborne RADAR systems.

This orbit allowed imaging of celestial radio sources by the satellite in conjunction with an array of ground-based radio telescopes, such that both good ( u, v ) plane coverage and very high resolution were obtained.

It became operational in 1957 and used ground-based microwave emitters to generate hyperbolic grids for range and azimuth, which were used by the missile steering system to navigate.