Abbesses are, like abbots, major superiors according to canon law, the equivalents of abbots or bishops ( the ordained male members of the church hierarchy who have, by right of their own office, executive jurisdiction over a building, diocesan territory, or a communal or non-communal group of persons — juridical entities under church law ).

While not considered orthodox Christian, the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica uses roles and titles derived from Christianity for its clerical hierarchy, including bishops who have much the same authority and responsibilities as in Roman Catholicism.

For those priests over 80 who became cardinal-deacons and were not ordained to the episcopacy, this is the highest position they can normally attain in the Church hierarchy ( though all cardinals rank above bishops in rank and order of precedence, those cardinals who are not bishops do not have the right to perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination ).

In Christianity, congregationalism is distinguished most clearly from episcopal polity, which is governance by a hierarchy of bishops.

For some, " episcopal churches " are churches that use a hierarchy of bishops that regard themselves as being in an unbroken, personal Apostolic succession.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the sixteen or so autocephalous primates are seen as collectively gathering around Christ, with other archbishops and bishops gathering around them, and so forth, in a model called " conciliar hierarchy ".

In the post-Apostolic church, bishops emerged as overseers of urban Christian populations, and a hierarchy of clergy gradually took on the form of episkopos ( overseers ; and the origin of the term bishop ) and presbyters ( elders ; and the origin of the term priest ), and then deacons ( servants ).

From the 1830s until his death in 1878, Cullen held several key positions near the top of the Irish hierarchy and influenced Rome's appointment of Irish bishops on four continents.

Some approved of the existing church hierarchy with bishops, but others sought to reform the Episcopal churches on the Presbyterian model.

But if Priscillianist bishops hesitated to be barred from their sees, a passionately concerned segment of Christian communities in Iberia were disaffected from the more orthodox hierarchy and welcomed the tolerant Arian Visigoths.

Nor did he spare the hierarchy of the country's church, since a 1966 Vatican Concordat granted Duvalier the power to appoint Haiti's bishops.

The development of formal hierarchy within the Catholic Church, as opposed to local autonomy among Christian congregations, with levels of rank among the bishops, and a handful of patriarchs to supervise the bishops, is seen by some Protestants as conducive to imperial manipulation of the Church, susceptible to general control by capture of only a few seats of power.

The Puritans desired a decentralized and more egalitarian church with an emphasis on the laity, while the Arminians wished for ordered church with a firm hierarchy with the bishops on top and an emphasis on divine right and salvation via free will.

Manichaeism was relatively well established by that time, and was supported by numerous priests under a hierarchy of religious leaders that including twelve apostles and seventy-two bishops.

The Catholic Church hierarchy in Ireland was largely silent, some bishops explicitly declaring the issue to be purely political, though divorce is forbidden under Catholic doctrine and most of Parnell's supporters were members of the Catholic Church.

In Finland, the Elämän Sana (" the Word of life ") group, as the most " mainline " of the different branches of Laestadianism, has been prominent within the hierarchy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: Two members have been elected bishops of Oulu, and one has served as Chaplain General ( head chaplain of the Finnish Defence Forces and the equivalent of a Major General ).

The Church of Ireland claims Apostolic succession because of the continuity in the hierarchy ; however, this is disputed by the Roman Catholic Church which asserts that only those bishops approved by and in communion with the Holy See are legitimate.

He used the popular anti-establishment feelings that ran against some persons of the Catholic hierarchy and the Catholic nobility of Denmark as well as keen propaganda to decrease the power of bishops and Catholic nobles.

Its litigious monastic community was prepared to defend its liberties and privileges against all comers: the bishops of Autun, who challenged its claims to exemption ; the counts of Nevers, who claimed jurisdiction in their court and rights of hospitality at Vézelay ; the abbey of Cluny, which had reformed its rule and sought to maintain control of the abbot within its hierarchy ; the townsmen of Vézelay, who demanded a modicum of communal self-government.

* Catholic Church hierarchy: Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law

After the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660 all clerics were civil servants appointed by the king, but theological issues were left to the hierarchy of bishops and other clergy.

or ) is the act of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8: 9-24.

A number of mathematical concepts are named after him: Kleene hierarchy, Kleene algebra, the Kleene star ( Kleene closure ), Kleene's recursion theorem and the Kleene fixpoint theorem.

As the Church began to flourish, Pius XII established a local ecclesiastical hierarchy, and, in 1946, named Archbishop Thomas Tien Ken-sin ( 田耕莘 ) SVD, as the first Chinese national, to the Sacred College of Cardinals.

Also at this time the hierarchy at Dresden was restructured ; Nicola Porpora was named Kapellmeister, while Hasse himself was promoted to Oberkapellmeister.

Although it is traditional in Eastern churches for the supreme head of the church to be named ' Patriarch ', in the Armenian Apostolic Church hierarchy, the position of the Catholicos is higher than that of the Patriarch.

The Code named the administrative hierarchy as following: " lands, cities, župas and krajištes ", the župas and krajištes were one and the same, with the župas on the borders were called krajištes ( frontier ).

In Dušan's Code, the constitution, named the administrative hierarchy as following: " lands, cities, župas and krajištes ", the župas and krajištes were one and the same, with the župas on the borders were called krajištes ( frontier ).

His ally, Nuon Chea ( also known as Long Reth ), became deputy general secretary ; however, Pol Pot and Ieng Sary were named to the Political Bureau to occupy the third and the fifth highest positions in the renamed party's hierarchy.

Once it was established that succession to the church presidency derived from longest tenure in an office held for life, the hierarchy aged markedly, and with the growth of the church the age at which officials were named to the highest bodies continued to rise.

During the 1920s, a church dissenter named Lorin C. Woolley claimed a separate line of priesthood authority from the LDS Church's hierarchy, effectively setting in motion the development of Mormon fundamentalism.

Dušan's Code named the administrative hierarchy as following: " lands, cities, župas and krajištes ", the župas and krajištes were one and the same, with the župas on the borders were called krajištes ( frontier ).

The hierarchy extended itself to all of the country, with a " local chief of the movement " named in each village.

In computability theory Post's theorem, named after Emil Post, describes the connection between the arithmetical hierarchy and the Turing degrees.

By the early nineteenth century, Circassians were associated with theories of racial hierarchy, which elevated the Caucasus region as the source of the purest examples of the " white race ", which was named the Caucasian race after the area by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach.

These manitous do not exist in a hierarchy like European gods / goddesses, but are more akin to one part of the body interacting with another and the spirit of everything ; the collective is named Gitche Manitou.

He and other Soviet leaders responsible for the document were proud of having brought forward some new formulas, such as the early replacement of the dictatorship of the proletariat by an `` All People's State '', and also of having laid down the lines for a much greater `` democratization '' of the whole hierarchy of Soviets, starting with the Supreme Soviet itself.

But as November 1924 drew close the Democratic hierarchy was sorely troubled by grapevine reports that O'Banion was being wooed by the opposition, and was meeting and conferring with important Republicans.

In 1884, he was created by Pope Leo XIII Archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India as an Apostolic Delegate to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there.

Alexander was fascinated by Pseudo-Dionysian hierarchy of angels and in how their nature can be understood, given Aristotelian metaphysics.

The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov, were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia.

This hierarchy of grammars was described by Noam Chomsky in 1956.

Set inclusions described by the Chomsky hierarchy

While Eddy's Manual established limited executive functions under the rule of law in place of a traditional hierarchy, the controversial 1991 publication of a book by Bliss Knapp led the then Board of Directors to make the unusual affidavit during a suit over Knapp's estate that neither acts by it violating the Manual, nor acts refraining from required action, constituted violations of the Manual.

Although Wang succeeded Sun as Chairman of the National Government, Chiang's relatively low position in the party's internal hierarchy was bolstered by his military backing and adept political maneuvering following the Zhongshan Warship Incident.

Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and social exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution.

The Tutsi, noted Maquet, considered themselves as superior, with the more numerous Hutu and the least numerous Twa regarded, by birth, as respectively, second and third in the hierarchy of Rwandese society.

It was Renaissance in Italy, in the late Middle Ages, that started a movement of hostility to caste hierarchy, and then a shift towards ideas of equality, merit, freedoms, skepticism, innovation, judge people by their talent and not by their birth, and such concepts.

At lower levels the organizational hierarchy was managed by Party Committees, or partkoms ( партком ).

These cover Clement's celestial hierarchy, a complex schema in which the universe is headed by the Face of God, below which lie seven protoctists, followed by archangels, angels and humans.

The top of the hierarchy is served by the root nameservers, the servers to query when looking up ( resolving ) a TLD.

Various limitations of the model have been compensated at later IMS versions by additional logical hierarchies imposed on the base physical hierarchy.

Although the worship of images would eventually fall out of favour ( and be replaced by the iconoclastic fire temples ), the lasting legacy of the Achaemenids was a vast, complex hierarchy of Yazatas ( modern Zoroastrianism's Angels ) that were now not just evident in the religion, but firmly established, not least because the divinities received dedications in the Zoroastrian calendar, thus ensuring that they were frequently invoked.