Another criticism is that universities tend more to pseudo-intellectualism than intellectualism per se ; for example, to protect their positions and prestige, academicians may over-complicate problems and express them in obscure language ( e. g., the Sokal affair, a hoax by physicist Alan Sokal attempting to show that American humanities professors invoke complicated, pseudoscientific jargon to support their political positions.

* 1934 – The " Surgeon's Photograph ", the most famous photo allegedly showing the Loch Ness Monster, is published in the Daily Mail ( in 1999, it is revealed to be a hoax ).

* 1912 – The Piltdown Man, later discovered to be a hoax, is announced by Charles Dawson.

Wonders of the Maharal " is generally recognized in academic circles to be a literary hoax ".

Another film in the book, the now-lost porn film Him, has also been cited as the hoax, though it is known to have existed.

The hoax story is disputed by Henry Bauer, who claims this debunking is evidence of bias, and asks why the perpetrators did not reveal their plot earlier to embarrass the newspaper.

He claims that he studied the photograph so often and from many different angles that he was able to discern objects that prove the photograph is not a hoax.

Alastair Boyd, one of the researchers who uncovered the hoax, argues that the Loch Ness Monster is real, and that although the famous photo was hoaxed, that does not mean that all the photos, eyewitness reports, and footage of the monster were as well.

In what is known as the Taxil hoax, he claimed that supposedly leading Freemason Albert Pike had addressed " The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world " ( an invention of Taxil ), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god Adonai.

* 1953 – The British Natural History Museum announces that the " Piltdown Man " skull, initially believed to be one of the most important fossilized hominid skulls ever found, is a hoax.

:" My Administration's position is very clear: if the Task Force and the Bush Administration stand by their 2005 conclusions, then for over 50 years the U. S Government has perpetuated a ' monumental hoax ' on the people of Puerto Rico, on the people of the United States and on the international community.

Abbott declined, and Krantz argued this call the same day of the encounter is evidence against a hoax, at least on Patterson's part.

Whilst the perpetrator of this hoax is unknown, it is thought he sought to influence the 19th century debate on spontaneous generation — rather than panspermia — by demonstrating the transformation of inorganic to biological matter.

In Jacques Derrida's response, " Sokal and Bricmont Aren't Serious ," first published in Le Monde, Derrida writes that the Sokal hoax is rather " sad ," not only because Alan Sokal's name is now linked primarily to a hoax, not to science, but also because the chance to reflect seriously on these issues has been ruined for a broad public forum that deserves better.

Then, of course, her belief that her husband is having an affair wouldn't be based on that evidence, because she did not know it was there at all ; or, if she thought that the evidence were a hoax, then surely her belief couldn't be based on that evidence.

The hoax material is still used to this day.

Since New York based Thomas would have known about the wide spread hoax and the contents of the 1876 published book were developed during or right after The Great Tom Collins hoax of 1874, the hoax event is the most plausible source of the name for the Tom Collins cocktail.

Some shock sites display a single picture, animation, video clip or a small gallery, and are often passed around via e-mail or disguised in posts to discussion sites as a hoax in an attempt to trick users into following the link to the website ( a bait and switch ).

The hoax was lent an air of credibility because often medieval monks did discover scientific and mathematical theories, only to have them hidden or shelved due to persecution or simply ignored because publication prior to the invention of the printing press was difficult at best.

Ironically the New York Times was tricked into printing a fake list of slang terms that were supposedly used in the grunge scene ; often referred to as the grunge speak hoax.

The British philologist Robert Nares ( 1753 – 1829 ) says that the word hoax was coined in the late 18th century as a contraction of the verb hocus, which means " to cheat ", " to impose upon " or " to befuddle often with drugged liquor ".

According to Professor Lynda Walsh of the University of Nevada, Reno, some hoaxes — such as the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814, labeled as a hoax by contemporary commentators — are financial in nature, and successful hoaxers — such as P. T. Barnum, whose Fiji mermaid contributed to his wealth — often acquire monetary gain or fame through their fabrications, so the distinction between hoax and fraud is not necessarily clear.

There is often a mixture of outright hoax and suppression and management of information to give the desired impression.

The hoax is often cited ( along with Nebraska Man ) by creationists as an example of the dishonesty of paleontologists that study human evolution, despite the fact that scientists themselves had exposed the hoax.

Given inconsistencies and the lack of reliable data and completely contradicting and unpredictable behavior, the true nature of ball lightning is still unknown and was often regarded as a fantasy or a hoax.

This letter was subsequently demonstrated to be a hoax perpetrated upon Bell, who in fact had a publicly loving relationship with his Filipina wife and his previous wife Ramona, who was also Filipina, and who often spoke openly about his admiration for the Filipino people on his radio show.

Inhofe often repeats his claim that human influenced climate change is a hoax and impossible because “ God ’ s still up there .” and that it is “ outrageous ” and arrogant for people to believe human beings are “ able to change what He is doing in the climate .”

The site often publishes hoax articles each year on April Fools ' Day.

The best hoax is to repeat it so often that people are convinced that the next move is also a hoax.

* Jephson, p255, claims that despite initial rumours that the tape was a hoax, this comment was " an expression I had heard often enough to recognise its authenticity.

( This prediction often attributed by the hoax writer to Bill Gates ) A prototype computer that is allegedly under development as part of this project is called " Ibycus ".

Since then, it has often been promoted as an authentic account of slavery during the 18th century, though its inaccuracies and anachronisms have led historians to conclude that it is a hoax.

Humbug is a person or thing that tricks or deceives or talks or behaves in a way that is deceptive, dishonest, false, or insincere, often a hoax or in jest.

* David Lang ( missing person ), a fictitious person, the subject of an often repeated paranormal hoax

This elaborate hoax often gained the cooperation of faculty members and people in the town.

Some of the conversations included Brehmer talking with people, letting them fume, and then asking the angry listener what day it was ; this often resulted in the listener realizing they had been a victim of the hoax.

The Taxil hoax was an 1890s hoax of exposure by Léo Taxil intended to mock not only Freemasonry, but also the Roman Catholic Church's opposition to it.

It was a hoax, originally intended for April 1st.

Barkun writes that " Alternative 3 was clearly a hoax — and not only because it was intended for broadcast on April Fools Day.

With Tatchell's assistance, members of FROCS eventually called a press conference to tell the world that their campaign was a hoax intended to demonstrate what he claimed was the hypocrisy of those newspapers that had condemned their campaign despite having themselves outed celebrities and politicians.

Professor of Frisian Language and Literature Goffe Jensma wrote that the three authors of the translation intended it " to be a temporary hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians and as an experiential exemplary exercise in reading the Holy Bible in a non-fundamentalist, symbolical way.

Many misconceptions about the game have circulated the internet about the game, such as that it was initially intended to be a Sonic 4 or an extensive fan-made hoax since Sega as a company has never announced or acknowledged its existence.

The hoax stated that by bending spacetime on the Google servers, the emails actually get routed through the fourth dimension of time itself before reaching their intended recipient.

The hoax is intended to illustrate how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears.

The controversy started in 2002 when rumors spread on Usenet newsgroups that the work was a deliberate hoax intended to target weaknesses in the peer review system employed by the physics community to select papers for publication in academic journals.

An article's inclusion on this list is not intended to disparage the authenticity of the report, but to denote that it is in general considered, or evidenced, as having being created as a hoax, or was known to be false ( or a joke ) as created.

Historian Gwyn Williams comments " This is a complete farrago and may have been intended as a hoax ".

Jensma concludes that it was likely intended as a " hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians ", as well as an " experiential exemplary exercise " by Dutch theologian and poet François Haverschmidt.

An article in late 2007 by Jensma says that the three authors of the translation intended it " to be a temporary hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians and as an experiential exemplary exercise in reading the Holy Bible in a non-fundamentalist, symbolical way.

This hoax was intended to discredit the account of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith having translated an ancient book.

Charles Wheat and G. Ezra Dane, ECV leaders, initiated the hoax as a joke intended for fellow " Clamper " George Bolton to find.

However, it has also been suggested that these definitions are a hoax, intended to make fools of those outside the outlaw biker world, and also to serve the purpose of provoking outrage among the square public and authorities.

It was immediately apparent that the explosions were the result of a terrorist attack, but it was initially unclear whether the explosions were a serious attempt to repeat 7 July bombings or were merely a symbolic attack or hoax intended to cause panic rather than mass casualties.