An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, wrote in the foreword of his book Le dimanche de Bouvines that the history he taught relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation.

Stanisław Lem has also studied the same idea in his novel The Invincible ( 1964 ), in which the crew of a spacecraft landing on a distant planet finds non-biological life-form, which is the product of long, possibly of millions of years of mechanical evolution.

Depending on its design, it might be subject to evolution over long time periods.

Dennett sees evolution by natural selection as an algorithmic process ( though he spells out that algorithms as simple as long division often incorporate a significant degree of randomness ).

He says that the view that mind is an epiphenomenon of brain activity is not consistent with evolutionary theory, because if mind were functionless, it would have disappeared long ago, as it would not have been favoured by evolution.

It is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability ( called stasis ), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

The latter hypothesis seems the more plausible evolution determinant as the surface area of the head is minute compared to the remainder of the body, thus the energy required in producing long hair for the express purpose of " optical " amplification of UV light reflected from the snow seems counterproductive ( however, it's very likely that the trait was sustained due to a nuanced combination of multiple influences, given that human hunting-skills and ingenuity were such by 50, 000 years ago that said benefits in terms of ' comfort ' could have alternatively been derived from constructing head and ear warmers of fur from prey, etc .).

Scientists point to the fact that straight hair found in many ethnic groups is denser as well and has a greater ability to " show " as it does not coil, hence providing more warmth as the likely deterministic factor for the evolution of straight long hair.

The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen.

* How Much Shall We Bet — A story about betting on the long term evolution of mankind.

The processor was a significant evolution in the x86 architecture, and extended a long line of processors that stretched back to the Intel 8008.

At the end of the lute's evolution the archlute, theorbo and torban had long extensions attached to the main tuning head in order to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played " open ", i. e. without fretting / stopping them with the left hand.

Its separation from Australia at the end of the Cretaceous ( 65 MYA ) and from New Zealand in the mid-Miocene has led to a long period of evolution in near complete isolation.

Critics of evolution have long challenged proponents to explain how animals initially evolved complex organs such as eyes, hands, or feathered wings.

The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

The IBM mainframe z / OS operating system / platform has arguably the most highly refined and evolved set of batch processing facilities owing to its origins, long history, and continuing evolution, and today such systems commonly support hundreds or even thousands of concurrent online and batch tasks within a single operating system image.

It did lack the ability to pull its head into its shell ( and it had a long neck ), and had a long, spiked tail ending in a club, a body form similar to that of ankylosaurs, resulting from convergent evolution.

The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeography and conservation.

Jan Veizer and Nir Shaviv have proposed the interaction of cosmic rays, solar wind and the various magnetic fields to explain the long term evolution of earth's climate.

Over the very long term the energy output of the sun has gradually increased, on the order of 5 % per billion ( 10 < sup > 9 </ sup >) years, and will continue to do so until it reaches the end of its current phase of stellar evolution.

Nor have we remembered that in the melting pot of America the hundreds of isolated and semi-isolated ethnic, regional and occupational groups did not fuse into a homogeneous national unit until long after education and industrialization had caused them to cast oral tradition aside as a means of carrying culturally significant material.

This example demonstrates the oral tradition of the Homeric epics that flourished long before they were written down sometime in the 7th century BC.

One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers ; another is music that has been transmitted and evolved by a process of oral transmission or performed by custom over a long period of time.

In the Sanskrit oral tradition, there was much emphasis on how long ( L ) syllables mix with the short ( S ), and counting the different patterns of L and S within a given fixed length results in the Fibonacci numbers ; the number of patterns that are m short syllables long is the Fibonacci number F < sub > m + 1 </ sub >.

Research into oral epics in Serbo-Croatian and Turkic languages, pioneered by the aforementioned Parry and Lord, began convincing scholars that long poems could be preserved with consistency by oral cultures until they are written down.

According to aboriginal oral traditions, as well as archaeological evidence, maple tree sap was being processed into syrup long before Europeans arrived in the region.

Methadone, with its long half-life ( and thus long duration of effect ) and good oral bioavailability, is a common second-choice drug for pain that does not respond to weaker agonists.

Primitive societies have long relied on oral tradition to preserve a record of the past in the absence of written histories.

There is a long history of oral transmission of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism.

This strictly oral tradition continued for a long while.

Muslim oral tradition preserves numerous sayings, or hadith, in which Muhammed describes the difference between the light of false dawn, appearing in the sky long after sunset, and the light of the first band of horizontal light at sunrise, the true dawn.

The oral tradition of the fairy tale came long before the written page.

An oral law, intended as a body of rules, can be admitted in jurisprudence as long as it shows some efficacy, therefore it needs that the law is public, the human action is evaluated by a judge ( ordinarily producing a sentence according to the general interpretation of the law ) and then a punishment has eventually to be put into effect.

Thus, the Maasai, according to their own oral history, migrated south from the lower Nile valley north of Lake Turkana in about the 15th century, arriving in a long trunk of land stretching from what is now northern Kenya to what is now central Tanzania during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The first he called " formulas ": " rosy-fingered dawn ", " the wine-dark sea ", and other specific set phrases had long been known of in Homer and other oral epics.

In a general sense, " oral tradition " refers to the transmission of cultural material through vocal utterance, and was long held to be a key descriptor of folklore ( a criterion no longer rigidly held by all folklorists ).

Reduction of inflammation through the use of oral glucocorticoids such as, prednisone, followed by long term topical glucocorticoid nasal spray would easily and safely treat the anosmia.

Because the Afro-American religions were transmitted as part of a long oral tradition, there are many regional variations on the goddess's name.

Hearsay information can even be obtained by oral testimony given over a telephone, or through an anonymous or confidential informant, so long as probable cause exists based on the totality of the circumstances.

Black Pepper ( or perhaps long pepper ) was believed to cure illness such as constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver problems, lung disease, oral abscesses, sunburn, tooth decay, and toothaches.

Maori oral history tells of a long voyage from Hawaiki ( the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia ) in large ocean-going canoes ( waka ).