However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.

Maynard Smith, a former engineer and highly competent mathematician, turned to game theory to answer the question.

* Persi Diaconis, American magician turned mathematician

As an undergraduate he showed himself an able mathematician, but the influence of Edward Elbridge Salisbury, under whom Hadley and William Dwight Whitney studied Sanskrit together, turned his attention toward the study of language.

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( originating from al-Khwārizmī, the famous Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 ), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist.

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage.

* 1951 – Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist

Charles Babbage, FRS ( 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871 ) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction ( 1977 ) described a practical architectural system in a form that a theoretical mathematician or computer scientist might call a generative grammar.

Known officially as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, the Mark I was a general purpose electro-mechanical computer built with IBM financing and with assistance from IBM personnel, under the direction of Harvard mathematician Howard Aiken.

* 1954 – Alan Turing, English mathematician and computer scientist ( b. 1912 )

* 1938 – Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist

British countess and mathematician Ada Lovelace is popularly credited as history's first programmer, as she was the first to express an algorithm intended for implementation on a computer, Charles Babbage's analytical engine, in October 1842, intended for the calculation of Bernoulli numbers.

Seymour Papert ( born February 29, 1928 in Pretoria, South Africa ) is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and educator.

Stephen Cole Kleene ( January 5, 1909 – January 25, 1994 ) was an American mathematician who helped lay the foundations for theoretical computer science.

* mathematician and computer scientist Marvin Minsky

In 1961 mathematician Edward O. Thorp, best known as " the father of the wearable computer " and Claude Shannon built the world's first wearable computer, a computerized timing card-counting device for blackjack The system was a concealed cigarette-pack sized analog computer designed to predict roulette wheels.

* August 21 – Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist

Stephen Arthur Cook ( born December 14, 1939, Buffalo, New York ) is a renowned American-Canadian computer scientist and mathematician who has made major contributions to the fields of complexity theory and proof complexity.

Shor's algorithm, named after mathematician Peter Shor, is a quantum algorithm ( an algorithm which runs on a quantum computer ) for integer factorization formulated in 1994.

Alonzo Church ( June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995 ) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science.

The algorithm was developed in 1930 by Czech mathematician Vojtěch Jarník and later independently by computer scientist Robert C. Prim in 1957 and rediscovered by Edsger Dijkstra in 1959.

* Nimrod Megiddo, a mathematician and computer scientist

Although the Ballistic Research Laboratory was the sponsor of ENIAC, one year into this three-year project John von Neumann, a mathematician working on the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos, became aware of this computer.

* Conway Berners-Lee ( born 1921 ), British mathematician and computer scientist

* W. Wesley Peterson, mathematician and computer scientist, best known for inventing the Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRC )

" It was more fully published in 1978 by political scientist Steven Brams and mathematician Peter Fishburn.

September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914 ) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as " the father of pragmatism ".

So began her 40 years of research on Peirce the mathematician and scientist, culminating in Eisele ( 1976, 1979, 1985 ).

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

* 1799 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor ( b. 1733 )

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis or Gustave Coriolis (; 21 May 1792 – 19 September 1843 ) was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist.

Isidore of Miletus was a renowned scientist and mathematician before Emperor Justinian I hired him, “ Isidorus taught stereometry and physics at the universities, first of Alexandria then of Constantinople, and wrote a commentary on an older treatise on vaulting .” Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory over protesters within the capital city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople.

* 1592 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist ( d. 1655 )

It is named for the Dutch-Swiss mathematician and scientist Daniel Bernoulli, though it was previously understood by Leonhard Euler and others.

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( ) ( April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style ) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages ( Basic Books ; 2010 ) 310 pages ; shows he was the leading scientist and mathematician of his day.

* 1839 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher, mathematician, and scientist ( d. 1914 )

Philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a Condorcet method.

* Leonardo da Vinci, ( 1452 – 1519 ), Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer.

* September 17 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher, and political scientist ( d. 1794 )

* Abū ' Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham ( a. k. a. Alhazen or Alhacen ), Iraqi polymath: scientist, physicist, optical researcher, astronomer, engineer, inventor, mathematician, physician, ophthalmologist, Islamic philosopher, psychologist and Islamic theologian

* Abū ' Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā ( a. k. a. Avicenna ), Persian polymath: physician, philosopher, scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and Islamic theologian