), Moritz Count von Dietrichstein, Heinrich Eduard Josef Baron von Lannoy, Ignaz Franz Baron von Mosel, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, and the eight-year-old Franz Liszt ( although it seems Liszt was not invited personally, but his teacher Czerny arranged for him to be involved ).

* Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, a classical composer and son of Johann Sebastian Bach

Key scientists in the history of botany include Theophrastus, Ibn al-Baitar, Carl Linnaeus, Gregor Johann Mendel, and Norman Borlaug.

The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Franz Schubert is also something of a transitional figure, as are Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Mauro Giuliani, Friedrich Kuhlau, Fernando Sor, Luigi Cherubini, Jan Ladislav Dussek, and Carl Maria von Weber.

Handel and his father travelled to Weissenfels to visit either Handel's half-brother, Carl, or nephew, Georg Christian, who was serving as valet to Duke Johann Adolf I. Handel and the duke convinced his father to allow him to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard technique from Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the organist of Halle's Marienkirche.

Telemann was one of the most prolific composers in history ( at least in terms of surviving oeuvre ) and was considered by his contemporaries to be one of the leading German composers of the time — he was compared favorably both to his friend Johann Sebastian Bach, who made Telemann the godfather and namesake of his son Carl Philipp Emanuel, and to George Frideric Handel, whom Telemann also knew personally.

Bach in Leipzig, such as Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich Agricola, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Leipzig ( Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen and Johann Georg Pisendel ), composers of the Berlin lieder school, and finally, his numerous pupils, none of whom, however, became major composers.

In 1819 – 1820, Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius were engaged in an expedition to Brazil, and on their return to Europe, amongst other collections of natural objects they brought home an important set of the fresh water fish of Brazil, and especially of the Amazon River.

Some notable mathematicians include Archimedes of Syracuse, Leonhard Euler, Carl Gauss, Johann Bernoulli, Jacob Bernoulli, Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Nilakantha Somayaji, Omar Khayyám, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Andrey Kolmogorov, Euclid of Alexandria, Jules Henri Poincaré, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Alexander Grothendieck, David Hilbert, Alan Turing, von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Georg Cantor, William Rowan Hamilton, Carl Jacobi, Évariste Galois, Nikolay Lobachevsky, Rene Descartes, Joseph Fourier, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Alonzo Church, Nikolay Bogolyubov and Pierre de Fermat.

* Johann Carl Simon Morgenstern ( 1770 – 1852 ), the philologist who coined the term Bildungsroman

In a handwritten note on a reprint of his 1838 paper " Sur l ' usage des séries infinies dans la théorie des nombres ", which he mailed to Carl Friedrich Gauss, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet conjectured ( under a slightly different form appealing to a series rather than an integral ) that an even better approximation to π ( x ) is given by the offset logarithmic integral function Li ( x ), defined by

Rather, in 1802, following the death of Charles Theodore, it was brought to Munich, where Baron Johann Paul Carl von Moll had obtained a general exemption of confiscation for the Bavarian collections.

Composers such as Marin Marais, Johann Sebastian Bach, Johannes Schenck, Antoine Forqueray, and Carl Friedrich Abel wrote virtuoso music for it.

Bruckner is greeted by ( from left to right ): Franz Liszt | Liszt, Richard Wagner | Wagner, Franz Schubert | Schubert, Robert Schumann | Schumann, Carl Maria von Weber | Weber, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven | Beethoven, Christoph Willibald Gluck | Gluck, Joseph Haydn | Haydn, George Frideric Handel | Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach | Bach.

Frederick the Great playing a flute concerto in Sanssouci, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach | C. P. E. Bach at the piano, Johann Joachim Quantz is leaning on the wall to the right ; by Adolph Menzel, 1852

Other famous scholars who have taught at the University of Vienna are: Theodor W. Adorno, Manfred Bietak, Theodor Billroth, Ludwig Boltzmann, Franz Brentano, Anton Bruckner, Rudolf Carnap, Conrad Celtes, Viktor Frankl, Sigmund Freud, Eduard Hanslick, Edmund Hauler, Hans Kelsen, Adam František Kollár, Johann Josef Loschmidt, Fran Miklošič, Oskar Morgenstern, Otto Neurath, Johann Palisa, Pope Pius II, Baron Carl von Rokitansky, August Schleicher, Moritz Schlick, Ludwig Karl Schmarda, Joseph von Sonnenfels, Josef Stefan, Leopold Vietoris, Jalile Jalil, Carl Auer von Welsbach, and Olga Taussky-Todd.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach | Blumenbach's five Race ( classification of human beings ) | races.

However, in that decade, progressive reformers such as Alcott, influenced by Pestalozzi as well as Friedrich Fröbel and Johann Friedrich Herbart, began to advocate writing about subjects from students ' personal experiences.

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

The species name troglodytes, Greek for " cave-dweller ", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis humani varietate nativa liber (" on the natural varieties of the human genus ") published in 1776, This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before ( it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page ) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only, thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.

* 1774 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer and organist ( b. 1720 )

* 1765 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( d. 1825 )

The Imperial cartographer Johann Friedrich Endersch completed a map of Warmia () in 1755 and also made a copper etching of the galley named " The City of Elbląg " ().

In Germany, there was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers ( 1774 ) ( The Sorrows of Young Werther ) and Friedrich Hölderlin's Hyperion.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

* 1500 – Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt.

There, he received a liberal education at the Lyceum, and Karl J. Windischmann drew his attention to the languages and literature of the East ( Windischmann, along with Georg Friedrich Creuzer, Johann Joseph von Görres, and the brothers Schlegel, expressed great enthusiasm for Indian wisdom and philosophy ).

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths ( 1759 – 1839 ) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn ( 1778 – 1852 ) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics.

Bach, Franz Benda, Johann Friedrich Agricola, and others.

Weimar ’ s Courtyard of the Muses, a tribute to The Enlightenment and the Weimar Classicism depicting German poets Friedrich Schiller | Schiller, Christoph Martin Wieland | Wieland, Johann Gottfried Herder | Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Goethe.

In 1838 Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet came up with his own approximating function, the logarithmic integral li ( x ) ( under the slightly different form of a series, which he communicated to Gauss ).

* 1777 Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( Gauß ) born

At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels ( 1769 – 1833 ), a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

* Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ), German mathematician and scientist

Other notable doctoral students were Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, Johann Pfaff ( doctoral adviser of Carl Friedrich Gauss ), Johann Tobias Mayer, Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, Farkas Bolyai ( father of János Bolyai ), and Georg Klügel.

In cartography, the term Gauss – Krüger, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger, is used in three slightly different ways.

* Ulrike Gauss: Johann Heinrich Dannecker.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814 ) was a German philosopher.

René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (; 4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926 ), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian-Austrian poet.

Volapük (; ), also Volapuk, is a constructed language, created in 1879 – 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany.

Frederick Augustus I ( full name: Frederick Augustus Joseph Maria Anton Johann Nepomuk Aloys Xavier ) (; 23 December 1750 – 5 May 1827 ) was King of Saxony ( 1805 – 1827 ) from the House of Wettin.

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843 ) was a major German lyric poet, commonly associated with the artistic movement known as Romanticism.

Ernst Johann von Biron (; ; – ) was a Duke of Courland and Semigallia ( 1737 ) and regent of the Russian Empire ( 1740 ).

Born as Ernst Johann Biren (; ) in Kalnciems, Courland, he was the grandson of a groom in the service of Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland, who bestowed upon him a small estate, which Biron's father inherited and where Biron himself was born.

* Johann Stamitz (; 1717 – 1757 ), founder of the Mannheim school

* Carl Stamitz (; 1745 – 1801 ), son of Johann

Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (; 13 February 1805 – 5 May 1859 ) was a German mathematician with deep contributions to number theory ( including creating the field of analytic number theory ), and to the theory of Fourier series and other topics in mathematical analysis ; he is credited with being one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function.

Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke (; 23 May 1848, Biendorf – 18 June 1916 ), also known as Moltke the Younger, was a nephew of Field Marshal Count Moltke and served as the Chief of the German General Staff from 1906 to 1914.

Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz (; – ) was a Livonian physician, botanist, zoologist and entomologist of Baltic German lineage.

John ( full name: Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph Anton Xaver Vincenz Aloys Franz de Paula Stanislaus Bernhard Paul Felix Damasus ) (; 12 December 1801 – 29 October 1873 ) was a King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.

Doctor Arie de Jong (; October 18, 1865 in Jakarta-October 12, 1957 in Putten, Netherlands ) was a Dutch enthusiast and reformer of the constructed language Volapük by Johann Martin Schleyer, with whose help the Volapük movement gained new strength in the Netherlands.

Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (; also known as Jean Henri Dombrowski or Johann Heinrich Dombrowski ; 29 August 1755 – 6 July 1818 ) was a Polish general and national hero.

Dr. Johann Georg Faust (; c. 1480 – c. 1540 ), also known in English as John Faustus (), was an itinerant alchemist, astrologer, and magician of the German Renaissance.

* Johann Baptist Hilverding, also Hilferding, Hülferding (; born 1677 ?,?

Johann Peter Adolf Erman (; 31 October 1854 – 26 June 1937 ) was a renowned Egyptologist and lexicographer.

Jan Václav Hugo Voříšek (; Johann Hugo Worzischek, 11 May 1791, Vamberk, Bohemia-19 November 1825, Vienna, Austria ), was a Czech composer of classical music, pianist, and organist.