Its definition relies on the notion of a measured foliation invented by William Thurston, who also coined the term " pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphism " when he proved his classification of diffeomorphisms of a surface.

where E < sub > cell </ sub > is the cell potential measured in volts ( V ) and C < sub > trans </ sub > is the cell current integrated over time and measured in coulombs ( C ); C < sub > trans </ sub > can also be determined by multiplying the total number of electrons transferred ( measured in moles ) times Faraday's constant ( F ).

with F the net force ( a vector ), m the mass of a particle and a the acceleration of the particle ( also a vector ) which would be measured by an observer at rest in the frame.

The space-time coordinates of an event, as measured by each observer in their inertial reference frame ( in standard configuration ) are shown in the speech bubbles .< p > Top: frame F ' moves at velocity v along the x-axis of frame F .< p > Bottom: frame F moves at velocity − v along the x '- axis of frame F '.

The parameters are often the x and y coordinates of the origin of a coordinate frame in M measured from the origin of a coordinate frame in F, and the angle measured from the x-axis in F to the x-axis in M. This is described saying a body in the plane has three degrees-of-freedom.

where E is a measured potential, E < sup > 0 </ sup > is the standard electrode potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in kelvin, F is the Faraday constant.

Rigel has been a known visual binary since at least 1831, when it was first measured by F. G. W. Struve.

Since there is a slight spread in the incoming wavelengths of the incoming X-ray beam, the values of | F ( q )| can be measured only for q vectors located between the two spheres corresponding to those radii.

In SI units, permittivity ε is measured in farads per meter ( F / m ); electric susceptibility χ is dimensionless.

In SI units, permittivity is measured in farads per meter ( F / m or A < sup > 2 </ sup >· s < sup > 4 </ sup >· kg < sup >− 1 </ sup >· m < sup >− 3 </ sup >).

The value of F was first determined by weighing the amount of silver deposited in an electrochemical reaction in which a measured current was passed for a measured time, and using Faraday's law of electrolysis.

In Imperial units, thermal conductivity is measured in BTU /( hr · ft ⋅ F ).

Recall that the trajectory of a particle P is defined by its coordinate vector P measured in a fixed reference frame F. As the particle moves, its coordinate vector P ( t ) traces its trajectory, which is a curve in space, given by

E. F. Schumacher in his A Guide for the Perplexed criticized scientism as an impoverished world view confined solely to what can be counted, measured and weighed.

The value of F can be measured directly using Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

Measuring the mass change of the anode or cathode, and the total charge passing through the wire ( which can be measured as the time-integral of electric current ), and also taking into account the molar mass of the ions, one can deduce F.

The record low was measured at − 41 ° C (− 41. 8 ° F ) and the record high was measured at 32. 7 ° C ( 90. 8 ° F ).

In order to assist the States in maintaining basic vocational rehabilitation services, Section 2 of the amended Act provides that allotments to States for support of such services be based on ( 1 ) need, as measured by a State's population, and ( 2 ) fiscal capacity, as measured by its per capita income.

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

One female, collected on an island off the coast of Nicaragua, was gravid and measured 4 feet 8 inches from snout to vent ( her tail should be between 6 and 7 inches long ).

The general basis on which these common costs are assigned to differently measured units of service will be illustrated by the following highly simplified problem of an electric-utility cost analysis.

This latter assumption will permit us to center attention on the most controversial aspect of modern public utility cost analysis -- the distinction among costs that are functions of outputs of the same service measured along different dimensions.

Distances marked on the specimen in warp and filling directions ( or wales and courses for knitted fabrics ) are measured before and after laundering.

He has measured the skinfolds ( the fleshy areas under the shoulder blades ) of Neapolitan firemen, studied the metabolism of Finnish woodcutters, analyzed the `` mealie-meal '' eaten by Capetown coloreds, and experimented on Minneapolis businessmen.

Being a dimensionless fraction, it may also be expressed as a percentage, and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflecting power of a perfectly black surface, to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.

* 1934 – The strongest surface wind gust in the world at 231 mph, is measured on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire.

From January – September 2010, bilateral trade with the United States measured approximately $ 150 million, on track for about a 30 percent increase over 2009.

Operated from 1989 to 1993, Hipparcos measured large and small angles on the sky with much greater precision than any previous optical telescopes.

The loudness of these disturbances is called the sound pressure level ( SPL ), and is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.

In particular, time intervals measured on the surface of the Earth ( terrestrial time, TT ) are not constant when compared to the motions of the planets: the terrestrial second ( TT ) appears to be longer in Northern Hemisphere winter and shorter in Northern Hemisphere summer when compared to the " planetary second " ( conventionally measured in barycentric dynamical time, TDB ).

P can be estimated by using the measured speedup ( SU ) on a specific number of processors ( NP ) using

It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the Beer-Lambert Law.

Total absorption is measured with normal lamp current, i. e., with a narrow emission line, and background absorption after application of a high-current pulse with the profile of the self-reversed line, which has little emission at the original wavelength, but strong emission on both sides of the analytical line.

Total absorption is measured without magnetic field and background absorption with the magnetic field on.

< font face =" arial " color =" red "> Wire carrying current to be measured .</ font >< font face =" arial " color =" green "> Spring providing restoring force </ font > This illustration is conceptual ; in a practical meter, the iron core is stationary, and front and rear spiral springs carry current to the coil, which is supported on a rectangular bobbin.

Thus if the instrument depends on the pressure or suction effect alone, and this pressure or suction is measured against the air pressure in an ordinary room, in which the doors and windows are carefully closed and a newspaper is then burnt up the chimney, an effect may be produced equal to a wind of 10 mi / h ( 16 km / h ); and the opening of a window in rough weather, or the opening of a door, may entirely alter the registration.

It is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to passband bandwidth, sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context.

The Universe has been measured to be homogeneous on the largest scales at the 10 % level.

Shortly before 1951, Lewis Fry Richardson, in researching the possible effect of border lengths on the probability of war, noticed that the Portuguese reported their measured border with Spain to be 987 km, but the Spanish reported it as 1214 km.

There is strong observational evidence for dark energy, as the total energy density of the universe is known through constraints on the flatness of the universe, but the amount of clustering matter is tightly measured, and is much less than this.

Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter.

Phlogiston remained the dominant theory until Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier showed that combustion requires a gas that has weight ( oxygen ) and could be measured by means of weighing closed vessels.

The caesium atom is " sensitive " to the photons from the lamp in three of its nine energy states, and therefore, assuming a closed system, all the atoms will eventually fall into a state in which all the photons from the lamp will pass through unhindered and be measured by the photon detector.

There have also been modifications to the Fick method where respiratory oxygen content is measured as part of a closed system and the consumed Oxygen calculated using an assumed oxygen consumption index which is then used to calculate Q.

At many points, the distances shown on the markers are based upon points no longer on the network – for example, distances measured via a closed line or from a junction which has subsequently been moved.

) H < sub >∞</ sub > techniques can be used to minimize the closed loop impact of a perturbation: depending on the problem formulation, the impact will either be measured in terms of stabilization or performance.

The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter.

The club became the standard against which all New York clubs were measured – many opened, closed and remodelled in the shadow of this giant.

A central concept with automatic control is that of the system to be controlled, such as a rudder and its engine, a propeller and its motor or a ballistic missile with its jet or rocket engine and the feedback of control information from the measured speed, direction and heading in a closed loop to enable proper feed forward of propelling energy.

The Arabika Submarine Depression is a closed feature with internal vertical relief of about ( measured from its lowest rim ) separated from the abyssal slope by the bar at a depth of about.

This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO < sub > 2 </ sub > absorber

This differs from aperture priority in which the aperture is not closed until a photograph is taken and the shutter speed is calculated based on the light measured through the fully open aperture.

The area measured 10. 87 hectares, and operated until 1986 when it became the last urban landfill to be closed, after which it was sealed and converted to government-owned grassland.

This data is collected in the form of measured analog current or voltage values or the open or closed status of contact points.

for some constant c. This assures that along a simple curve, the variation in y-coordinate, measured locally in every chart, is a geometric quantity ( i. e. independent of the chart ) and permits the definition of a total variation along a simple closed curve on S. A finite number of singularities of F of the type of " p-pronged saddle ", p ≥ 3, are allowed.

of a closed surface S is called pseudo-Anosov if there exists a transverse pair of measured foliations on S, F < sup > s </ sup > ( stable ) and F < sup > u </ sup > ( unstable ), and a real number λ > 1 such that the foliations are preserved by f and their transverse measures are multiplied by 1 / λ and λ.