Aside from Latin, the standard written language of medieval Europe, the populace of crusader Jerusalem communicated in vernacular forms of French and Italian ; Greek, Armenian, and even Arabic were used by Frankish settlers.

A medieval Armenian illumination, by Toros Roslin.

* The destruction by Azerbaijan of thousands of medieval Armenian gravestones at a cemetery in Julfa, and Azerbaijan's subsequent denial that the site had ever existed, has been widely written about as being an example of cultural genocide.

" A more favorable explanation is offered by the medieval Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa, who states that " Tzimiskes was from the region of Khozan, from the area which is now called Chmushkatzag.

According to Armenian medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi, Movses Kaghankatvatsi and Koryun, the Caucasian Albanian ( the Armenian name for the language is Aghvank, the native name of the language is unknown ) alphabet was created by Mesrob Mashtots, the Armenian monk, theologian and translator who is also credited with creating the Armenian and Georgian alphabets.

Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian medieval evangelizer and enlightener, invented the Gargarean (" Caucasian Albanian ") alphabet in the 5th century, shortly after creating the Armenian alphabet | Armenian script.

The Armenian medieval atlas Ashkharatsuits ( Աշխարացույց ), compiled in the 7th century by Anania Shirakatsi ( Անանիա Շիրակացի, but sometimes attributed to Movses Khorenatsi as well ), categorizes Artsakh and Utik as provinces of Armenia despite their presumed detachment from the Armenian Kingdom and their political association with Caucasian Albania and Persia at the time of his writing.

In the 5th century, Armenia ’ s foremost early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi ( Մովսես Խորենացի ) testifies that the population of Artsakh and Utik spoke Armenian, with the River Kura, in his words, marking the “ boundary of Armenian speech ” (… զեզերս հայկական խօսիցս ).

In Movses Kaghankatvatsi ’ s “ History ” and in the historical text of the Armenian early medieval author Agathangelos, the Kingdom of Aghvank ’ s feudal system, including its political terminology, was Armenian.

By the 8th century, " Albania " had been reduced to a strictly geographical and titular ecclesiastical connotation, and was referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians ; on its place sprang a number principalities, such as that of the Armenian principality and kingdom of Khachen, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of Shaddadids, the principality of Shirvan, the principality of Derbent.

In his article “ The Albanian Myth ” Russian historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann demonstrated that Azerbaijani academics have been “ renaming prominent medieval Armenian political leaders, historians and writers, who lived in Karabakh and Armenia into “ Albanians .” Victor Schnirelmann argues that these efforts were first launched in the 1950s and were directed towards “ ripping the population of early medieval Karabakh off from their Armenian heritage ” and “ cleansing Azerbaijan of Armenian history .” In the 1970s, Azerbaijan made a transition from ignoring, discounting or concealing Armenian historical heritage in Soviet Azerbaijan to misattributing and mischaracterizing it as examples of Azerbaijani culture by arbitrarily declaring “ Caucasian Albanians ” as ancestors of modern Azerbaijanis.

George did wonderful complicated pen-and-ink drawings like something out of a medieval miniature: hundreds of delicate details crammed into an eight-by-ten sheet and looking as if they had been done under a jeweler's glass.

An immediate predecessor of Dungeons & Dragons was a set of medieval miniature rules written by Jeff Perren.

alt = A miniature painting from a medieval manuscript, divided into two panels.

alt = A miniature painting from a medieval manuscript.

The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting.

In The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, he gave instructions of his inventions and illustrated them using miniature paintings, a medieval style of Islamic art.

The siege of Antioch from a medieval miniature painting

Two units of spearmen from a Phocis_ % 28ancient_region % 29 | Phokian Greek army under DBA rules. De Bellis Antiquitatis or DBA ( English: Of the Wars of Antiquity ) is a fast play set of rules for the hobby of historical miniature wargaming, particularly ancient and medieval wargaming in the period 3000 BC to 1485 AD.

This reliquary took the form of a miniature church, common to medieval reliquaries containing the entire body of a saint, but was unique in that it is said to have had dragon heads at the apex of the gables similar to those still seen on Norwegian stave churches.

The word miniature, derived from the Latin minium, red lead, is a picture in an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript ; the simple decoration of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment.

But the southern Anglo-Saxon school rather stands apart from the general line of development of the western medieval miniature.

In medieval Christian art the phase was illustrated literally: images of a number of miniature figures, representing souls, held on the lap of a much larger one occur in a number of contexts.

There are also several examples from medieval times of books featuring images containing the book itself or window panels in churches depicting miniature copies of the window panel itself.

Nonetheless, the Green Knight blurs the lines between homosociality and homosexuality, representing the difficulty medieval writers sometimes had in separating the two.

The predecessor of the medieval bestiary, compiled in Late Antiquity and known as Physiologus ( Φυσιολόγος ), popularized an elaborate allegory in which a unicorn, trapped by a maiden ( representing the Virgin Mary ), stood for the Incarnation.

She points to a surviving chess queen representing the Virgin, as well as medieval poetry depicting the Virgin as the chess-queen of God or Fierce Dieu ,.

It mainly represents the medieval monastery of Alvastra: An abacy staff, a rising moon ( historically representing Virgin Mary ), and a six-edged star ( representing a higher deity ).

It is blue with gold silhouette of the gilt-copper medieval reliquary ( chasse ) that is still found in the Hedal stave church, but with five blue arches inspired by the arches on a similar medieval chasse from the medieval St. Thomas Church at Filefjell and representing the five Lutheran parishes of the municipality.

The Bodø Cathedral was built in 1956, representing post-war architecture, whereas the Bodin Church just outside the city centre dates from the 13th century, representing a typical medieval stone church.

Artists of the late medieval and Renaissance periods often represented him as small and emaciated, with three mitres at his feet ( representing the three bishoprics which he had rejected ) and holding in his hand the IHS monogram with rays emanating from it ( representing his devotion to the " Holy Name of Jesus "), which was his main attribute.

According to the Dialogue concerning the Exchequer, an early medieval work describing the practice of the Exchequer, the Exchequer itself referred to the cloth laid across a large table, 10 feet by 5 feet ( with a lip around the edge " 4 fingers high "), upon which counters were placed representing various values.

The Study contains a collection of Roman architectural fragments and the two external courtyards, the Monument Court and Monk's Yard contain an array of architectural fragments, Classical in the Monument Court with its central column or ' pasticcio ' representing Architecture and Gothic in the Monk's Yard, filled with medieval stonework from the Palace of Westminster.

Stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels ( in particular, no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times ) and Station 13 ( representing Jesus's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of His mother Mary ) seems to embellish the gospels ' record, which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him.

There are inscriptions, sculptures, reliefs, marbles, coins, jewelry, ceramics and pottery dating back to a broad span of about 1500 years representing the ancient Dauno, Roman, early Christian and medieval Byzantine.

Furthermore, several of the " ancient " suffixes cited by Jubainville, far from representing 7, 000-year-old fossils, clearly indicate a continued productivity well into medieval and even modern times.

This Tudor version of the imperial crown had more pearls and jewels than are indicated in illustrations of the medieval version, and the centre petals of each of the five fleurs-de-lys were carved with medallions representing Christ, the Virgin Mary, and St. George.

The Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats who lived in Bosnia-Herzegovina after the signing of the Dayton Agreement, viewed the flag as only representing the Bosniaks ( formerly: Bosnian Muslims ) of Bosnia-Herzegovina, even though the flag was taken from the medieval Bosnian state.

The lower part of the shield represents Yukon's mountains, with the gold disks ( called " bezants ," a medieval gold coin ) representing the territory's mineral resources and its birth in the Klondike Gold Rush.

The accuracy of these claims is subject to debate, but the film is unusual in representing Arthur as a Roman officer rather than a medieval knight.

* Vice ( character ), a common character representing evil in medieval morality plays

File: Jaca-Castillo de San Pedro-Garita de entrada02. jpg | One of Statues inside the castle representing the living in the medieval castle

Norman Cantor recognized three books as most important to Strayer's legacy: Feudalism ( 1965 ), which summarized three decades of his research and thinking on the topic ; On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State ( 1970 ), in which he shows the relevance of medieval historical institutions to modern governmental institutions ; and The Reign of Philip the Fair ( 1980 ), representing over 30 years of archival research and the most comprehensive work on the topic in any language-other than Jean Favier's Philippe le Bel ( 1978 ).

Whereas the images representing " Lizard " are medieval in content – depicting Prince Rupert, his environs ( including a peacock ), and the Battle of Glass Tears – the images representing the other four tracks juxtapose medieval and contemporary scenes.