An immediate predecessor of Dungeons & Dragons was a set of medieval miniature rules written by Jeff Perren.

The East Slavic languages descend from a common predecessor, the language of the medieval Kievan Rus ' ( 9th to 13th centuries ).

Specifically, within the medieval Oyo Empire of present day southwestern Nigeria and Benin, separate guilds developed for professional dancers, mask carvers, and musicians associated with egungun ancestral masquerade performances often regarded as the predecessor to the traveling Alarinjo theatre.

A medieval tradition claimed that Pope Joan, a woman disguised as a man, was Benedict's immediate predecessor.

Since his predecessor Meinfried had already accepted Christianity, it followed that Pribislav had already been baptized in childhood, in contrast to the ideas of medieval chroniclers that the prince had first been baptized as an adult.

According to the Geographical Dictionary of Poland published by Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, the city's predecessor was an early medieval Slavic settlement, the city website states it was named Lasogród (" forest castle "), whose inhabitants engaged in hunting, honey gathering, and later agriculture ; Lasogród lated developed into a defensive fort, the remains of which were destroyed in the 19th century during expansion of the city.

There are two towers, the South Tower ( the only tower preserved of the medieval castle, having been erected in 1318 and which has the dungeon ; and the bergfried ( finished in 1859, partially incorporating the foundations of its medieval predecessor, and which has the landmark four-meter Latin cross at its top.

A page from Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 shows a medieval scribe ( the marginal note between columns one and two ) criticizing a predecessor for changing the text: " Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!

The structure was built on the foundations of its medieval predecessor and incorporates much of the original stonework.

Duklja is seen as one of the medieval Serb states and was the political and cultural predecessor of modern Montenegro.

In January 1215 William Marshall ( who is buried in the nave next to his sons, under one of the 9 marble effigies of medieval knights there ) served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that John uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor Richard I. William swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, leading to John's signing of Magna Carta in June.

Art Imlech, (" having an edge or border " or " bordering on a lake or marsh ") son of Elim Olfínechta, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland, who took power after killing his predecessor, and his father's killer, Gíallchad.

Nuadu Finn Fáil ( Nuadu the Fair of Fál-a poetic name for Ireland ), son of Gíallchad, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland, who took power after he killed his predecessor, and his father's killer, Art Imlech.

Bres Rí ( Bres the King ), son of Art Imlech, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland, who took power after killing his predecessor, and his father's killer, Nuadu Finn Fáil.

Énna Derg, son of Dui Finn, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland, who took power after killing his predecessor, and his father's killer, Muiredach Bolgrach.

The present domed building was erected to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren following the destruction of its medieval predecessor in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Taymouth Castle, another Campbell creation, was built by John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane ( d. 1862 ) on the site of its late medieval predecessor, Balloch Castle ( built 1550 by the Campbells of Glenorchy, ancestors of the Marquesses of Breadalbane, demolished 1805 ).

It was mostly concerned with a medieval predecessor of tennis, but near the end, Scaino included a chapter titled, " Del Giuoco del Calcio " (" On the Game of Football "), for comparison.

" Like its predecessor, The Fool and His Money will contain many different types of logic and word puzzles that center around a story with a medieval tarot deck theme.

The medieval state of Kievan Rus ' was the predecessor of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine and their respective cultures ( including architecture ).

The city was defended in medieval times by Bristol Castle, a Norman fortification built on the site of a wooden predecessor.

The common belief that he served three rather than four times as Lord Mayor stems from the City's records ' Liber Albus ' compiled at his request by the City Clerk John Carpenter wherein his name appears only three times as the remainder term of his deceased predecessor Adam Bamme and his own consequent term immediately afterwards appear as one entry for 1397.

His first task on taking up this post was the reduction and publication of a large mass of observations left by his predecessor, from a selected portion of which ( those made 1856 – 1860 ) he compiled a catalogue of 1, 159 stars.

The Espy file, compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla, lists 15, 269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991.

Notable was the Chinese Dynastic History Project, headed by the German refugee scholar Karl Wittfogel, which set out to translate and annotate the official histories compiled by each Chinese dynasty for its predecessor.

The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors, compiled by Robert M. Ritter, was earlier published as a separate companion volume, in line with the eleven editions of its famous predecessor the Authors ’ and Printers ’ Dictionary by Frederick Howard Collins ( first published in 1905 and renamed in 1983 ).

The spatha as it developed in the Late Roman army became the predecessor of the European sword of the Middle Ages, at first adopted as the Migration period sword, and only in the High Middle Ages developed into the classical arming sword with crossguard.

With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures — Early Harappan and Late Harappan, respectively — the entire Indus Valley Civilization may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE.

Late in 2007, Manuel Andrack was replaced by Comedian Oliver Pocher, who had a more active part than his predecessor, and some other elements changed as well.

* In November 2006, Paul Stokes, an intruder on the set of The Late Late Show, confronted Kenny live on air calling the show host and his predecessor Gay Byrne " insufferable arseholes ".

An extinct relative or predecessor species, Ptychoramphus tenuis, is known from the Late Pliocene of the San Diego Formation in California.

Late Night Tales and its predecessor Another Late Night are the names of two related series of artist curated compilation albums released on Late Night Tales independent record label.

There are various hypotheses as to predecessor populations of the Kurds, such as the Carduchoi of Classical Antiquity.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

He from time to time strongly upbraided the Prince for showing tendencies towards the idle pleasure-seeking dilettantism of his predecessor as Prince of Wales, King Edward VIII, whom Mountbatten had known well in their youth.

Fleeing from what they saw as oppressive social conformity, a loose collection of writers, poets, artists, and students ( later known as the Beats ) and the Beatniks, moved to Greenwich Village, and to North Beach in San Francisco, in many ways creating the east coast-west coast predecessor to the Haight-Ashbury-East Village hippie scene of the next decade.

Nothing is known about Frederick's life before this event, but he proved to be Imperial ally throughout Henry's struggles against other Swabian lords, namely Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Frederick's predecessor, and the Zähringen and Welf lords.

Philby also dealt with Anatol Gorsky ( code-name Kap ) the OGPU resident in London and his predecessor, a German known as Reif ( code-name Mar ).

Nalidixic acid is considered to be the predecessor of all members of the quinolone family, including the second, third and fourth generations commonly known as fluoroquinolones.

Alice More did not enjoy the reputation for docility that her predecessor had and was instead known as a strong and outspoken woman.

Like his predecessor Herodotus, known as " the father of history ", Thucydides places a high value on eyewitness testimony and writes about events in which he himself probably took part.

Kekkonen continued the “ active neutrality ” policy of his predecessor President Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a doctrine which came to be known as the “ Paasikivi – Kekkonen line ”.

The predecessor to the vacuum pump was the suction pump, which was known to the Romans.

* Earliest known record of the game Chatrang, predecessor to Chess

Offa was forced to build anew the hegemony over the southern English of his predecessor, and he did this so successfully that he became the greatest king Mercia had ever known.

Leone's next two films – For a Few Dollars More ( 1965 ) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) – completed what has come to be known as the Man with No Name trilogy ( a. k. a. the Dollars Trilogy ), with each film being more financially successful and more technically accomplished than its predecessor.

As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from a predecessor, William of Malines.

Its predecessor stage is known as Old Belarusian ( 14th to 17th centuries ), in turn descended from Old East Slavic ( 10th to 13th centuries ).

His grandson Llywelyn the Great is not known to have used the title ' Prince of Wales ' as such, although his use, from around 1230, of the style ' Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon ' was tantamount to a proclamation of authority over most of Wales, and he did use the title ' Prince of North Wales ' as did his predecessor Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd.

The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis " Borax " Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit.

VHS machines, in contrast to Betamax and Beta's predecessor U-matic, use an " M-loading " system, also known as M-lacing, where the tape is drawn out by two threading posts and wrapped around more than 180 degrees of the head drum ( and also other tape transport components ) in a shape roughly approximating the letter M.

Though little is known of how the priestess was chosen, the Pythia was probably selected, at the death of her predecessor, from amongst a guild of priestesses of the temple.

Fezter also created Kalamazoo's first cable television system, then known as Fetzer Cable ; it is a predecessor of Kalamazoo's current cable franchise, Charter Communications.

) ' Egan's Grose ', as it is generally known, is by no means an original work, but it does embellish its predecessor with the inclusion of a variety of mainly sporting Regency slang.

Most notably, the present-day Canucks ' minor league predecessor ( also known as the Vancouver Canucks ), played from 1945 to 1970 in the Pacific Coast Hockey League and Western Hockey League.

In 1926, he traveled to Guangzhou in southern China to attend a training course run by Nguyen Ai Quoc ( later to be known as Ho Chi Minh ), before being admitted as a member of the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth Association, the predecessor of the Communist Party of Vietnam ( CPV ).

Its first meeting place was in what was known as Quarantine, a predecessor of the facility on Ellis Island.