That we are experiencing an upsurge of interest in the many formulations and preventive adaptations of brief treatment in social casework is evident from even a small sampling of current literature.

These changes represent, in effect, a shift from ( 1 ) an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to ( 2 ) a systematic sampling census of the whole African population.

Furthermore, it may be possible to estimate the error due to bias in method ( as distinguished from sampling error ) in each of these sources, on such subjects as fertility, mortality, and migration during a given interval by using information from two largely independent sources in conjunction.

In single-stage cluster sampling, all the elements from each of the selected clusters are used.

In two-stage cluster sampling, a random sampling technique is applied to the elements from each of the selected clusters.

In stratified sampling, a random sample is drawn from each of the strata, whereas in cluster sampling only the selected clusters are studied.

There also exists multistage sampling, where more than two steps are taken in selecting clusters from clusters.

The duo used sampling from Led Zeppelin to James Brown.

The census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, sometimes as an intercensal estimate.

Constraints on many cosmological parameters can be obtained from their effects on the power spectrum, and results are often calculated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques.

In statistics, data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population.

The first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by sampling and then digitizing it using an analog-to-digital converter ( ADC ), which turns the analog signal into a stream of numbers.

The Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal ; but requires an infinite number of samples.

Erosion models are also non-linear, which makes them difficult to work with numerically, and makes it difficult or impossible to scale up to making predictions about large areas from data collected by sampling smaller plots.

It has been suggested that the apparent variations in marine biodiversity may actually be an artifact, with abundance estimates directly related to quantity of rock available for sampling from different time periods.

A sufficient condition for recovering s ( t ) ( and therefore S ( ƒ )) from just these samples is that the non-zero portion of s ( t ) be confined to a known interval of duration P, which is the frequency domain dual of the Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem.

" Jaggies " is the informal name for artifacts in raster images, most frequently from aliasing, which in turn is often caused by non-linear mixing effects producing high-frequency components or missing or poor anti-aliasing filtering prior to sampling.

This may be an extreme form of biased sampling, because certain members of the population are totally excluded from the sample ( that is, they have zero probability of being selected ).

Soon after this, LAME also became able to target lower sampling frequencies from MPEG-2.

If the data set were based on a series of observations obtained by sampling from a statistical population, the arithmetic mean is termed the " sample mean " () to distinguish it from the " population mean " ( or < sub > x </ sub >).

* BroadVoice 32 with declared bitrate 32 kbit / s and sampling rate of 16 kHz ( note however that X-Lite SIP phone's menu declares bitrate 80000 bit / s )

After sampling most of the items on the menu, he tries sushi made from the fish fugu.

Some sort of reversible-jump variant is also needed when doing MCMC or Gibbs sampling over nonparametric Bayesian models such as those involving the Dirichlet process or Chinese restaurant process, where the number of mixing components / clusters / etc.

For example, in Ontario a survey taken throughout the province might use a larger sampling fraction in the less populated north, since the disparity in population between north and south is so great that a sampling fraction based on the provincial sample as a whole might result in the collection of only a handful of data from the north.

Because of limited sampling of African leopards, this number might be an underestimation.

" During the same VIBE interview, Mike D was asked about any possible hesitation he or the band might have had regarding their overt " sampling " of several minutes of well-known Beatles background tracks, including the song " The End " on " The Sounds of Science ".

Under the settlement agreement, ING Bank is required to conduct a review of, and to submit a report to OFAC regarding, its policies and procedures and their implementation, taking an appropriate risk-focused sampling of U. S. dollar payments to ensure that its OFAC compliance program is functioning effectively to detect, correct, and report any OFAC-sanctioned transactions that might occur.

Reliability estimates from one sample might differ from those of a second sample ( beyond what might be expected due to sampling variations ) if the second sample is drawn from a different population because the true variability is different in this second population.

A collapsed Gibbs sampler might replace the sampling step for A with a sample taken from the marginal distribution p ( A | C ), with variable B integrated out in this case.

For example, if one were sampling from a school field, but for convenience only placed quadrats next to a path, this might not give a sample that was representative of the whole field.

Sixteen trilinear anisotropic samples might require 128 samples from the stored texture, as trilinear MIP map filtering needs to take four samples times two MIP levels and then anisotropic sampling ( at 16-tap ) needs to take sixteen of these trilinear filtered probes.

) might have been added from copies of sound effect tapes similar to modern sampling to make a radio play for broadcast.

Certain fluid sampling and pressure-measuring tools require that the probe be stopped, increasing the chance that the probe or the cable might become stuck.

More extensive testing might include an ultrasound and endometrial sampling.

For example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those people in the street who look most helpful, or may choose to use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, for time-keeping sake.

He collected the data in part, ' to judge whether the differences between a series of group frequencies and a theoretical law, taken as a whole, were or were not more than might be attributed to the chance fluctuations of random sampling.

The improviser should have an idea of what that character is like in all facets ; not just a trait, but for example, what kind of friends that character has, what activities the character might enjoy, even a small sampling of some past experiences that character might have had.

Had it been later specified, this mode might have included four separate channels of linear PCM audio ( requiring some combination of faster rotation, a lower sampling rate, or fewer bits per sample ).

Equal sampling effort at species-rich and species-poor localities tends to underestimate range size at the richer localities relative to the poorer, when in fact range sizes might not differ among localities.

If the sampling fraction is less than 5 %, then the finite population effect might be ignored.

A random sampling technique is then used on any relevant clusters to choose which clusters to include in the study.

In addition site investigation will often include subsurface sampling and laboratory testing of the soil samples retrieved.

Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.

Relevant analyses can include microbiological sampling.

Specific types of sampling include:

WCC member churches include most of the Orthodox Churches ; numerous Protestant churches, including the Anglican Communion, some Baptists, many Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian and other Reformed, a sampling of united and independent churches, and some Pentecostal churches ; and some Old Catholic churches.

Other examples include dbx, Inc .' s Model 700 system, which, similar to modern Super Audio CDs, used a high sample-rate delta-sigma modulation rather than PCM ; Decca's 1970s PCM system, which used a videotape recorder manufactured by IVC for a transport ; and Mitsubishi's X-80 digital recorder, a 6. 4 mm ( ¼ in ) open reel digital mastering format that used a very unusual sampling rate of 50. 4 kHz.

Other methods include statistically sampling the market and holding " representative " securities.

The documentation should include identity of the plant stored, location of the sampling, number of seeds stored and viability state.

Uses where the desired quality of laser diodes is their ability to generate ultra-short pulses of light by the technique known as " mode-locking " include clock distribution for high-performance integrated circuits, high-peak-power sources for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensing, arbitrary waveform generation for radio-frequency waves, photonic sampling for analog-to-digital conversion, and optical code-division-multiple-access systems for secure communication.

A sampling of his versatility in addition to numerous recordings of the standard classical repertoire would include his recordings of Baroque pieces using period instruments ; American bluegrass music ; traditional Chinese melodies including the soundtrack to the film Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon ; the tangos of Argentinian composer Ástor Piazzolla ; an eclectic and unusual collaboration with Bobby McFerrin ( where Ma admitted to being terrified of the improvisation McFerrin pushed him toward ); as well as the music of modern minimalist Philip Glass in such works as the 2002 piece Naqoyqatsi.

Their research methods will include X-rays, CAT scans and DNA sampling.

A representative sampling of Japanese folklore would definitely include the quintessential Momotarō ( Peach Boy ), and perhaps other folktales listed among the so-called: the battle between The Crab and the Monkey, Shita-kiri Suzume ( Tongue-cut sparrow ), Hanasaka Jiisan ( Flower-blooming old man ), and Kachi-kachi Yama mountain.

which include the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and Gibbs sampling.

This is reflected by the large variety of grooveboxes available, ranging from Roland's lower-end MC and SP products with include basic sequencing and sampling capabilities, to Akai's flagship MPC 4000 and 5000, Yamaha's RS7000 or Roland's own MV-8800 which include features such as high-end sampling, high-polyphony synthesizers, and extensive sequencing, connection and storage possibilities.

* Analytical services include designing and pretesting questionnaires, determining the best means of collecting data, designing sampling plans, and other aspects of the research design.

:* Quantitative marketing research-generally used to draw conclusions-tests a specific hypothesis-uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population-involves a large number of respondents-examples include surveys and questionnaires.

Markov chain Monte Carlo ( MCMC ) methods ( which include random walk Monte Carlo methods ) are a class of algorithms for sampling from probability distributions based on constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution.

Examples of nonprobability sampling include:

As of 2011, a sampling of segments of the East Coast Greenway that are accessible include:

Verification procedures may include such activities as review of HACCP plans, CCP records, critical limits and microbial sampling and analysis.