Rather, such assignments are made, as they must be, on the basis of certain overall rules and standards, representing to some extent a statistical approach to the problem, taking into account for each situation some of the variables ( e.g., power and station separations ) and averaging out others in order to achieve the balance which must be struck between protection against destructive interference and the assignment of a number of stations large enough to afford optimum radio service to the Nation.

The first approach is to compute the statistical moments by separating the data into bins and then computing the moments from the geometry of the resulting histogram, which effectively becomes a one-pass algorithm for higher moments.

Bioinformatics is very much involved in making sense of protein microarray and HT MS data ; the former approach faces similar problems as with microarrays targeted at mRNA, the latter involves the problem of matching large amounts of mass data against predicted masses from protein sequence databases, and the complicated statistical analysis of samples where multiple, but incomplete peptides from each protein are detected.

It incorporates the bijective approach and various tools in analysis, analytic number theory, and has connections with statistical mechanics.

B. Rhine, a psychologist at Duke University, introduced a standard methodology, with a standard statistical approach to analysing the data, as part of his research into extrasensory perception.

" Metapopulation ecology is another statistical approach that is often used in conservation research.

This Extra Volume took a more general and statistical approach to its subject than Volumes 1 to 3.

Instead of reflecting the performance of actual hedge funds they take a statistical approach to the analysis of historic hedge fund returns, and use this to construct a model of how hedge fund returns respond to the movements of various investable financial assets.

Those who promote Bayesian inference view " frequentist statistics " as an approach to statistical inference that recognises only physical probabilities.

As opposed to the approaches of psychical research, which generally sought qualitative evidence for paranormal phenomena, the experiments at Duke University proffered a quantitative, statistical approach using cards and dice.

Hollander introduced a quantitative approach to the phrenological diagnosis, defining a method for measuring the skull, and comparing the measurements with statistical averages.

Within a given approach, statistical theory gives ways of comparing statistical procedures ; it can find a best possible procedure within a given context for given statistical problems, or can provide guidance on the choice between alternative procedures.

However, such an approach can be methodologically problematic, as a statistical correlation could be due to circularity if the measurement of gene frequency indirectly uses the same measurements that describe the strategy.

A common approach to statistical problems is to use a Monte Carlo simulation to yield insight into the dynamics of a complex system.

Describing a system using statistical mechanics methods is much simpler than using a low-level atomistic approach.

John von Neumann immediately saw the significance of this insight, and in March 1947, proposed to Robert Richtmyer, leader of the theoretical division, a statistical approach to the problem of neutron diffusion in fissionable material.

Because Ulam had often mentioned his uncle " who just had to go to Monte Carlo " to gamble, Metropolis dubbed the statistical approach " The Monte Carlo method ".

* Fundamentals of polarized light: a statistical optics approach, C. Brosseau, Wiley, 1998, ISBN 0-471-14302-2.

" Total quality control ", also called total quality management, is an approach that extends beyond ordinary statistical quality control techniques and quality improvement methods.

It is central to the Neyman – Pearson approach to statistical hypothesis testing, and, like statistical hypothesis testing generally, is both widely used and much criticized.

Depending on the Knudsen number of the problem, statistical mechanics or possibly even molecular dynamics may be a more appropriate approach.

Even when the statistical model is nonlinear, it can be approximated by a linear model for which an analysis of variance may be appropriate.

One benefit is that the statistical moment calculations can be carried out to arbitrary accuracy such that the computations can be tuned to the precision of, e. g., the data storage format or the original measurement hardware.

The Knudsen number can be used to guide the choice between statistical mechanics and the continuous formulation of aerodynamics.

Aveni states that one of the strengths of the Brown methodology is that it can explore astronomies invisible to statistical analysis and offers the astronomy of the Incas as another example.

Each of these methods contributes useful priors for " regular " one-parameter problems, and each prior can handle some challenging statistical models ( with " irregularity " or several parameters ).

Although the census provides a useful way of obtaining statistical information about a population, such information can sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, made possible by the linking of individuals ' identities to anonymous census data.

The statistical information in the form of conditional distributions ( histograms ) can be derived interactively from the estimated mixture model without any further access to the original database.

The Burrows – Wheeler transform can also be viewed as an indirect form of statistical modelling.

In a further refinement of these techniques, statistical predictions can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding.

This can sometimes be arranged automatically, using a statistical multiplexer ( or " stat-mux ").

There exist, as yet, few comprehensive studies of the global division of labour ( an intellectual challenge for researchers ), although the ILO and national statistical offices can provide plenty of data on request for those who wish to try.

In cases when the use of null hypotheses is not appropriate, ecologists may adopt different kinds of statistical methods, such as the Akaike information criterion, or use models that can become mathematically complex as " several competing hypotheses are simultaneously confronted with the data.

However, statistical analysis shows that this can only account for 50 % of the observed pattern, and other evidence ( such as fungal spikes ) provides reassurance that most widely accepted extinction events are indeed real.

Evidence quality can be assessed based on the source type ( from meta-analyses and systematic reviews of triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with concealment of allocation and no attrition at the top end, down to conventional wisdom at the bottom ), as well as other factors including statistical validity, clinical relevance, currency, and peer-review acceptance.

Sufficient time for defined outcomes to occur can influence the study outcomes and the statistical power of a study to detect differences between a treatment and control arm.

The Jeffreys – Lindley paradox shows how different interpretations, applied to the same data set, can lead to different conclusions about the ' statistical significance ' of a result.

" Molecular biologists, using phylogenetics, can compare protein amino acid or nucleotide sequence homology ( i. e., similarity ) to infer taxonomy and evolutionary distances among organisms, but with limited statistical confidence.

In statistical physics, graphs can represent local connections between interacting parts of a system, as well as the dynamics of a physical process on such

When the probability of different events is not independent, the probability of future events can change based on the outcome of past events ( see statistical permutation ).

Utilizing alternative statistical measurements in addition to the Gross Domestic Product can provide greater context for the nation's poverty.

By analysing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena.

; Drivers: A one-year long study, conducted by a firm that provides statistical information to insurance companies so they can determine rates, found that drivers of H2 and H3 Hummers receive about five times as many traffic tickets as the national average for all vehicles ( standardized based on the number of violations per 100, 000 miles driven ).

The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics.

We can illustrate the differences between the statistical behavior of fermions, bosons, and distinguishable particles using a system of two particles.