By analysing the spectrum of the chromosphere, it was found that the temperature of this layer of the solar atmosphere increases with increasing height in the chromosphere itself.

* 1862 – By analysing the spectroscopic signature of the Sun and comparing it to those of other stars, Father Angelo Secchi determines that the Sun is itself a star.

By analysing descendants ' DNA, however, parts of ancestral genomes are estimated by scientists.

By analysing the return speed of light in different directions at various different times, it was thought to be possible to measure the motion of the Earth relative to the aether.

By analysing the trace elements in water sourced from deep underground, hydrogeologists have been able to determine that water extracted from these aquifers can be more than 1 million years old.

By analysing irregularities in the orbit, Karpal discovers that the devastating burst of energy will reach Earth within the next four days.

By analysing the statistics of visitors it is possible to see shortcomings of the site and look to improve those areas.

By analysing the recording later, the entire call frequency range and the call pattern can be measured.

By analysing pollen in core samples taken from peat bogs, von Post noticed that different plant species were represented in bands through the cores.

By describing and analysing the situation, critical risks can be identified and mitigated by selecting actions and an appropriate strategy.

By analysing the stresses caused along the fault by each earthquake, they were able to forecast the shock that hit the town of İzmit with devastating effect in August 1999.

By analysing received signal strength from side and backlobes and thus getting radar antennae radiation pattern false targets can be created to directions other than one where the jammer is coming from.

By nature, behavioural therapies are empirical ( data-driven ), contextual ( focused on the environment and context ), functional ( interested in the effect or consequence a behaviour ultimately has ), probabilistic ( viewing behaviour as statistically predictable ), monistic ( rejecting mind – body dualism and treating the person as a unit ), and relational ( analysing bidirectional interactions ).

By analysing the retained data, governments can identify the locations of individuals, an individual's associates and the members of a group such as political opponents.

By analysing the fingerprints, contigs are assembled by automated ( FPC ) or manual means ( Pathfinders ) into overlapping DNA stretches.

By the 1930s, statisticians and models built on statistical reasoning had helped to resolve these differences and to produce the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis.

By 1930, quantum mechanics had been further unified and formalized by the work of Paul Dirac and John von Neumann, with a greater emphasis placed on measurement in quantum mechanics, the statistical nature of our knowledge of reality, and philosophical speculation about the role of the observer.

By 1929 it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or Germany.

By targeting various demographics, the assembled statistical models provide a rendering of the audiences of any given show, network, and programming hour.

By the fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics, the entropy of this microcanonical ensemble is

By performing statistical analysis of this data, knowledge about elementary particle physics is gained.

By means of a system of ordinary differential equations these models show the change in time ( dynamical system ) of the protein inside a single typical cell ; this type of model is called a deterministic process ( whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a stochastic process ).

By contrast, in a Bayesian approach to statistical inference, one would assign a probability distribution to p regardless of the non-existence of any such " frequency " interpretation, and one would construe the probabilities as degrees of belief that p is in any interval to which a probability is assigned.

By comparing the responses to the different types of stimuli, the brain fingerprinting system mathematically computes a determination of " information present " ( the subject knows the crime-relevant information contained in the probe stimuli ) or " information absent " ( the subject does not know the information ) and a statistical confidence for the determination.

By tradition, statistical details of the vote were not revealed.

By 1960, using the data developed through the Harkness Rating System, Elo developed his own formula which had a sound statistical basis and constituted an improvement on the Harkness System.

By comparison, a statistical study found about 13 percent passive constructions in newspapers and magazines.

By statistical study of the weights of the coins, Kosambi was able to establish the amount of time that had elapsed while they were in circulation and so set them in order to give some idea of their respective ages.

By a statistical anomaly Martin topped the List A batting averages in 1996.

By applying statistical techniques to the results it is possible to make inferences and insights about the products under test.

By 1927, Fleming was investigating the properties of staphylococci.

By the late 1940s it was known that the properties of atomic nucleus could not be explained by the then-current models ( such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others ).

By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses.

By contrast, substance theory explains the compresence of properties by asserting that the properties are found together because it is the substance that has those properties.

By studying the spectral properties of the linear operator U it becomes possible to classify the ergodic properties of Φ < sup > t </ sup >.

By 1952, Arbenz supported a land reform, and took unused agricultural land, about, from owners who had large properties, and made it available to rural workers and farmers.

By this solution though, any given object always has all the properties throughout time, and the properties are merely temporally-specific.

By changing the settings on the scanner, this effect is used to create contrast between different types of body tissue or between other properties, as in fMRI and diffusion MRI.

By understanding the physical and chemical properties of proteins and other macromolecules at the atomic level in various cells in the kidney, novel therapeutic approaches can be designed to combat major renal diseases.

By contrast, many ethical philosophers have tried to prove some of their claims about ethics by appealing to an analysis of the meaning of the term " good "; they held, that is, that " good " can be defined in terms of one or more natural properties which we already understand ( such as " pleasure ", in the case of hedonists ).

By the properties of ⊕ mentioned above, we have

By the end of the process, input signals representing " points of light " have been transformed into a neural representation of objects in the surrounding world and their properties.

( 3 ) By the properties: mobility, concentration, persistence, toxicity.

By 1862, Crookes was able to isolate small quantities of the new element and determine the properties of a few compounds.

By understanding their abstract properties, one obtains information about all these constructions and can avoid repeating the same analysis for each individual instance.

By removing the need to load the particle with the properties of space and time, a fully deterministic, local and causal description of quantum phenomena is possible by use of a simple dynamical operator on a Universal Invariant Set.

By the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was merged with the surrounding parts of East Prussia and annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia ; the properties of the Archbishopric of Warmia were secularized by the Prussian state.

By replacing the liquid with gas it is possible to prepare aerogels, materials with exceptional properties including very low density, high specific surface areas, and excellent thermal insulation properties.

By the 18th century, the medicinal properties of opium and laudanum were well-known.