As such, it can be seen as connecting other disciplinary approaches for investigating ancient astronomy: astroarchaeology ( an obsolete term for studies that draw astronomical information from the alignments of ancient architecture and landscapes ), history of astronomy ( which deals primarily with the written textual evidence ), and ethnoastronomy ( which draws on the ethnohistorical record and contemporary ethnographic studies ).

However, through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said.

P52 is small, and although a plausible reconstruction can be attempted for most of the fourteen lines represented, the proportion of the text of the Gospel of John for which it provides a direct witness is so small that it is rarely cited in textual debate.

Because markup languages, and more generally data description languages ( not necessarily textual markup ), are not programming languages ( they are data without instructions ), they are more easily manipulated than programming languages – for example, web pages are presented as HTML documents, not C code, and thus can be embedded within other web pages, displayed when only partially received, and so forth.

In the passage concerning Saul's visit to the Witch of Endor, ascribed by textual scholars to the republican source, Samuel was temporarily raised from the dead so that he can tell Saul his future.

These can include textual documents and other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps as well as realia such as museum objects.

The Folio is no more a definitive text than the quartos ; many of the plays in the folio omit lines that can be found in quarto versions, and include misprints and textual corruption.

* Asterisks can be used in textual media to represent * emphasis * when bold or italic text is not available ( e. g. email ).

In a very broad sense it can refer to the entire chain of Jewish tradition ( see Oral law ), but in reference to the Masoretic Text the word mesorah has a very specific meaning: the diacritic markings of the text of the Hebrew Bible and concise marginal notes in manuscripts ( and later printings ) of the Hebrew Bible which note textual details, usually about the precise spelling of words.

" Mulvany elaborated to say that " lthough the majority of Viking metal bands ... ... limit themselves primarily to textual borrowings, many others can be additionally classified as musically evocative of the Vikings.

Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching.

Sometimes, visitors are able to navigate through a hypertext environment ; some works accept textual or visual input from outside ; sometimes an audience can influence the course of a performance or can even participate in it.

Note events can be triggered based on OSC communications within an instrument instance, spawned by MIDI, or entered to stdin ( by typing into a terminal or sending textual statements from another program ).

The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication.

The major theoretical problem with applying cladistics to textual criticism is that cladistics assumes that, once a branching has occurred in the family tree, the two branches cannot rejoin ; so all similarities can be taken as evidence of common ancestry.

In some countries textual criticism can be seen as apostasy.

These actions can assist a director in integrating textual and acting criticism, performance theory, and historical research into a production before it opens.

He concludes that since meaning can ’ t come from the author, it must be actively created by the reader through a process of textual analysis.

Considerable textual, philosophical, and phenomenological justification of this practice can be found throughout Dōgen's works:

* Grigg, Erik, 2009 ' ' Mole Rain ' and other natural phenomena in the Welsh annals: can mirabilia unravel the textual history of the Annales Cambriae?

A modeling language can be graphical or textual.

; RT ( radio text ): This function allows a radio station to transmit a 64-character free-form textual information that can be either static e. g. station slogans or in sync with the programming such as the title and artist of the currently playing song.

Some landscapes also contain textual clues, which the player can place in their inventory by rolling the marble over them.

According to biblical scholars, the Torah's genealogy for Levi's descendants, is actually an aetiological myth reflecting the fact that there were four different groups among the levites – the Gershonites, Kohathites, Merarites, and Aaronids ; Aaron – the eponymous ancestor of the Aaronids – couldn't be portrayed as a brother to Gershon, Kohath, and Merari, as the narrative about the birth of Moses ( brother of Aaron ), which textual scholars attribute to the earlier Elohist source, mentions only that both his parents were Levites ( without identifying their names ).

Only six leaves of M survive ; however, the printed edition of Gelenius ( G ) is considered to be based on M, making it an important witness to the textual tradition of the Res Gestae.

The Eastern Orthodox receive the Septuagint as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament, in books both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical, to be used both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations in to the vernacular.

Thus, in the Hindu schools, if a claim was made that could not be substantiated by appeal to the textual canon, it would be considered as ridiculous as a claim that the sky was green and, conversely, a claim which could not be substantiated via conventional means might still be justified through textual reference, differentiating this from the epistemology of modern science.

* ESP shows textual information about the enemy ; such as health, name and distance ; also information about weapons lying around the map, which could be missed without the hack.

The harmony does not include Jesus ' encounter with the adulteress ( John 7: 53 – 8: 11 ), a passage that is generally considered to be a spurious late addition to the Gospel of John, with the Diatessaron itself often used as an early textual witness to support this.

Second, Robinson appeals to the critical principle, widely applied in textual study, that the account is most likely to be original that best explains the other variants.

Much of the scholarly work concerning the references to Jesus in Josephus has thus concentrated on close textual analysis of the Josephan corpus to determine the degree to which the language, as preserved in both early Christian quotations and the later transmissions, should be considered authentic.

Most of the textual requirements concerning the Messiah, what he will do, and what will be done during his reign are located within the Book of Isaiah, although requirements are mentioned in other prophets as well.

Octal numbers that are used in some programming languages ( C, Perl, PostScript …) for textual / graphical representations of byte strings when some byte values ( unrepresented in a code page, non-graphical, having special meaning in current context or otherwise undesired ) have to be to escaped as < tt >

For she brings with her a jar ( which, due to textual corruption in the sixteenth century, came to be called a box ) containing " burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men " ( 91 – 2 ), diseases ( 102 ) and " a myriad other pains " ( 100 ).

In computing, plain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to " binary files " in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects ( encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.

The notion of source code may also be taken more broadly, to include machine code and notations in graphical languages, neither of which are textual in nature.

The sling is mentioned in the Bible, which provides what is believed to be the oldest textual reference to a sling in the Book of Judges, 20: 16.

If a binary file is opened in a text editor, each group of eight bits will typically be translated as a single character, and you will see a ( probably unintelligible ) display of textual characters.

Although because of the important achievements of nineteenth century scholars in the field of textual criticism the advance is not so striking as it was in the case of archaeology and place-names, the editorial principles laid down by Stevenson in his great edition of Asser and in his Crawford Charters were a distinct improvement upon those of his predecessors and remain unimproved upon today.

Jews, Protestants, and Catholics all use the Masoretic text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books ( those which are received by both Jews and all Christians ), with various emendations derived from a multiplicity of other ancient witnesses ( such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.

), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books.

According to this view, the story of Jacob's visit to Laban to obtain a wife originated as a metaphor for this migration, with the property and family which were gained from Laban representing the gains of the Joseph tribes by the time they returned from Egypt ; according to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the Laban narrative only mentions the Joseph tribes, and Rachel, and does not mention the other tribal matriarchs whatsoever.

The English Biblical scholar Robert Henry Charles ( 1855 – 1931 ) reasoned on internal textual grounds that the book was edited by someone who spoke no Hebrew and who wished to promote a different theology from John's.

" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (" Casuistry ‥ destroys by Distinctions and Exceptions, all Morality, and effaces the essential Difference between Right and Wrong ").

The Idea of a Transcendental Theory of Method with textual notations by Edmund Husserl.

The textual transmission of the plays from the fifth century BC, when they were first written, up until the era of the printing press, was largely a haphazard process in which much of Euripides's work was lost and corrupted, but it also included triumphs by scholars and copyists, thanks to whom much was also recovered and preserved.

Access to the computing environment ( e. g. the program's command line, environment variables, textual explanation of error conditions ) remained a problem until it was addressed by the 2003 standard.

Much current research on the textual history of the Gospel of John is being done by the International Greek New Testament Project.

Kenneth Olson has argued that the entire Testimonium must have been forged by Eseubuis himself, basing his argument on textual similarities between the Testimonium and Eseubuis ' writings in the Demonstrations of the Gospels.

Modern scholarship dating from the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement of 19th century Germany, as well as textual analysis influenced by the 20th Century discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, suggests that dating from this period there existed " liturgical formulations of a communal nature designated for particular occasions and conducted in a centre totally independent of Jerusalem and the Temple, making use of terminology and theological concepts that were later to become dominant in Jewish and, in some cases, Christian prayer.

Although there is no direct textual prohibition of homosexual acts between women ( lesbianism ) anywhere in the Torah, such behavior is widely viewed as forbidden by most rabbis.

Traditional Christian thought on the subject points to St. John the Apostle as the author of the Gospel, the three Epistles and the Book of Revelation that bear his name, and there is some internal textual evidence to suggest they may have been authored by the same person ( see textual criticism ).

* Extensive visual, textual and musical studies of American May Day customs since the first Maypole Revels were held at the Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount plantation on Massachusetts Bay in May 1627, hosted by Englishman Thomas Morton ; and, last year the state of Massachusetts ' Governor Deval Patrick proclaimed May 1 as Thomas Morton Day.

C preprocessor macros work by simple textual search-and-replace at the token, rather than the character, level.

The mechanism by which the code fragments are recognised ( for instance, being bracketed by < code ><? php </ code > and ) is similar to a textual macro language, but they are much more powerful, fully featured languages.

The textual variation among manuscript copies of books in the New Testament prompted attempts to discern the earliest form of text already in antiquity ( e. g., by the 3rd century Christian author Origen ).

This was the beginning of modern New Testament textual criticism, which over subsequent centuries would increasingly incorporate more and more manuscripts, in more languages ( i. e., versions of the New Testament ), as well as citations of the New Testament by ancient authors and the New Testament text in lectionaries in order to reconstruct the earliest recoverable form of the New Testament text and the history of changes to it.

These systems were able to take advantage of existing multilingual textual corpora that had been produced by the Parliament of Canada and the European Union as a result of laws calling for the translation of all governmental proceedings into all official languages of the corresponding systems of government.

Scholars have found that the styles of Shakespeare and Oxford, based on a computerised textual comparison developed by the Claremont Shakespeare Clinic, are " light years apart "; it was reported that the odds of Oxford having written Shakespeare are " lower than the odds of getting hit by lightning ".