Neither G nor M < sub >☉</ sub > can be measured to high accuracy in SI units, but the value of their product is known very precisely from observing the relative positions of planets ( Kepler's Third Law expressed in terms of Newtonian gravitation ).

Assuming that the pixel color is expressed using straight ( non-premultiplied ) RGBA tuples, a pixel value of ( 0. 0, 0. 5, 0. 0, 0. 5 ) implies a pixel which has 50 % of the maximum green intensity and 50 % opacity.

The ratio between the value of the energy gap at zero temperature and the value of the superconducting transition temperature ( expressed in energy units ) takes the universal value of 3. 5, independent of material.

This can be expressed more precisely by the notion of expected value, which is uniformly negative ( from the player's perspective ).

In general, it differs in value when expressed in u for a given nuclide ( or isotope ) slightly from the mass number, since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and ( finally ) because of the nuclear binding energy.

Thus the discounted present value ( for one cash flow in one future period ) is expressed as:

The Frege-Brentano view is the basis of the dominant position in modern Anglo-American philosophy: that existence is asserted by the existential quantifier ( as expressed by Quine's slogan " To be is to be the value of a variable.

( The division by 60 translates the busy-hour call / transaction arrival rate into a per-minute value, to match the units in which h is expressed.

The memoir, which he distributed only to a few friends, expressed his frustration that people did not seem to value elegance in software, and it said of Gates, " He is divisive.

As the dimensions of these quantities are the inverse of each other ( one is distance per volume, the other volume per distance ) when taking the mean value of the fuel-economy of a range of cars one measure will produce the harmonic mean of the other – i. e. converting the mean value of fuel economy expressed in litres per 100 km to miles per gallon will produce the harmonic mean of the fuel economy expressed in miles-per-gallon.

Mutual information can be expressed as the average Kullback – Leibler divergence ( information gain ) of the posterior probability distribution of X given the value of Y to the prior distribution on X:

There is a classical paradox which is often expressed when considering this type of value.

Operations which would typically be impure ( such as input / output ) are expressed using pure constructs in Mercury using linear types, by threading a dummy " world " value through all relevant code.

The numerical value of the molecular mass expressed in unified atomic mass units is equivalent to the dimensionless relative molecular mass M < sub > r </ sub >:

This was expressed algebraically as having a cost of N, and a value of N².

Hence the value of a physical quantity q is expressed as the product of a numerical value N < sub > q </ sub > and a unit of measurement u < sub > q </ sub >;

He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant, being highly potent with minimal toxicity compared to antiseptics of the day, and noted its laboratory value in the isolation of Bacillus influenzae ( now Haemophilus influenzae ).

When the value can be expressed without the need for an SI prefix, an ' R ' is used instead of the decimal separator.

At the same time, every device that can be employed to reduce the number of variables is of the greatest value, and it is one of the attractive features of dynamic programming that room is left for ingenuity in using the special features of the problem to this end.

-- James P. Mitchell and Sen. Walter H. Jones R-Bergen, last night disagreed on the value of using as a campaign issue a remark by Richard J. Hughes, Democratic gubernatorial candidate, that the GOP is `` Campaigning on the carcass of Eisenhower Republicanism ''.

or, more commonly, using the absolute value, with

If X is a Banach space and K is the underlying field ( either the real or the complex numbers ), then K is itself a Banach space ( using the absolute value as norm ) and we can define the continuous dual space as X ′ = B ( X, K ), the space of continuous linear maps into K.

* The case n = 1 can be illustrated by the claim that there always exist a pair of opposite points on the earth's equator with the same temperature, this can be shown to be true much more easily using the intermediate value theorem.

There are codes using colors, like traffic lights, the color code employed to mark the nominal value of the electrical resistors or that of the trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage ( paper, glass, biological, etc.

Given where and, determine the value of and using the chain rule.

Where an object is intersected, the color value at the point may be evaluated using several methods.

Once the ray either encounters a light source, or more probably once a set limiting number of bounces has been evaluated, then the surface illumination at that final point is evaluated using techniques described above, and the changes along the way through the various bounces evaluated to estimate a value observed at the point of view.

Cantor's construction of the real numbers is similar to the above construction ; the real numbers are the completion of the rational numbers using the ordinary absolute value to measure distances.

If the initial value of a polynomial ( and of its finite differences ) is calculated by some means for some value of X, the difference engine can calculate any number of nearby values, using the method generally known as the method of finite differences.

In finance, discounted cash flow ( DCF ) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money.

The value of an observable can be computed at another time by using the evolution function φ < sup > t </ sup >.

Individual elements are referenced using an index value enclosed in square brackets.

* Orbital eccentricity, in astrodynamics, calculated from orbital state vectors as an absolute value of eccentricity vector or using other methods based on orbital energy and angular momentum

This code defines a new word ( again, word is the term used for a subroutine ) called using the following commands: duplicates the number on the stack ; places a 6 on top of the stack ; compares the top two numbers on the stack ( 6 and the ed input ), and replaces them with a true-or-false value ; takes a true-or-false value and chooses to execute commands immediately after it or to skip to the ; discards the value on the stack ; and ends the conditional.

Financial risk management, an element of corporate finance, is the practice of creating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk.

| value | length | this code | accumulated | Relations using N ¡ apply only to same -

In Hebrew, these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters, for example ( Day 1, or Yom Rishon ()):

Funds using a " fundamental growth " strategy invest in companies with more earnings growth than the overall stock market or relevant sector, while funds using a " fundamental value " strategy invest in undervalued companies.

In addition to element refinements, Qualified Dublin Core includes a set of recommended encoding schemes, designed to aid in the interpretation of an element value.

If an encoding scheme is not understood by an application, the value may still be useful to human reader.

Run-length encoding ( RLE ) is a very simple form of data compression in which runs of data ( that is, sequences in which the same data value occurs in many consecutive data elements ) are stored as a single data value and count, rather than as the original run.

It is a differential encoding, using the presence or absence of transitions to indicate logical value.

This is accounted for by the use of a 1's complement ( simple bit inversion ) rather than 2's complement to convert a negative value to a positive value during encoding.

The low-level encoding was typically ASCII, further encoded and framed in various schemes such as Intel Hex-in which a binary value of " 01011010 " would be represented by the ASCII characters " 5A ".

A gamma value is sometimes called an encoding gamma, and the process of encoding with this compressive power-law nonlinearity is called gamma compression ; conversely a gamma value is called a decoding gamma and the application of the expansive power-law nonlinearity is called gamma expansion.

A-law encoding thus takes a 13-bit signed linear audio sample as input and converts it to an 8 bit value as follows:

The study of encoding techniques has been examined in depth in an area of computer science characterized by a method known as Kolmogorov complexity where a value known as (' K ') is accepted as ' not a computable function '.

) Each pip card consists of an encoding in the top left-hand corner ( and, because the card is also inverted upon itself, the lower right-hand corner ) which tells the card-holder the value of the card.

The original ISO 10646 standard defines a 31-bit encoding form called UCS-4, in which each encoded character in the Universal Character Set ( UCS ) is represented by a 32-bit friendly code value in the code space of integers between 0 and hexadecimal 7FFFFFFF.

The Cb and Cr samples use the value 128 to encode a zero value, as used when encoding a white, grey or black area.

In the Japanese editions of Microsoft operating systems, the yen sign in code page 932 character encoding has the same byte value as the backslash in ASCII.

* Third, in SIT, the relevant outcome of an encoding is a hierarchical organization, whereas in AIT, it is only a complexity value.

The definition of both color precision and gamut is accomplished with a color encoding specification which assigns a digital code value to a location in a color space.

IPP request messages consist of key / value pairs using a custom binary encoding followed by an " end of attributes " tag and any document data required for the request.

yEnc's overhead is often ( if each byte value appears approximately with the same frequency on average ) as little as 1 – 2 % ( see http :// www. yenc. org / yenc-draft. 1. 3. txt ), compared to 33 %– 40 % overhead for 6-bit encoding methods like uuencode and Base64.

Because of the XOR encoding, the canary will be wrong if the control data or return value is changed.