William Niskanen, chairman emeritus of the libertarian Cato Institute, criticized “ starve the beast .” If deficits finance 20 % of government spending, then citizens perceive government services as discounted.

In mathematical finance, a risk-neutral measure, also called an equivalent martingale measure, is heavily used in the pricing of financial derivatives due to the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which implies that in a complete market a derivative's price is the discounted expected value of the future payoff under the unique risk-neutral measure.

* Terminal value ( finance ), the future discounted value of all future cash flows beyond a given date

* Alternative investment, investment other than stocks, bond ( finance ), money funds, and cash

Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, and corporate financial management.

Financial institutions in Australia are required to track significant cash transactions ( greater than A $ 10, 000. 00 or equivalent in physical cash value ) that can be used to finance terrorist activities in and outside Australia's borders and report them to AUSTRAC.

Financial institutions in Canada are required to track large cash transactions ( daily total greater than CAD $ 10, 000. 00 or equivalent value in other currencies ) that can be used to finance terrorist activities in and beyond Canada's borders and report them to FINTRAC.

In such a case, the company may be deriving additional operating cash by issuing shares or raising additional debt finance.

In bookkeeping and finance, cash refers to current assets comprising currency or currency equivalents that can be accessed immediately or near-immediately ( as in the case of money market accounts ).

In finance, the net present value ( NPV ) or net present worth ( NPW ) of a time series of cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is defined as the sum of the present values ( PVs ) of the individual cash flows of the same entity.

Used for capital budgeting and widely used throughout economics, finance, and accounting, it measures the excess or shortfall of cash flows, in present value terms, once financing charges are met.

The development was put on hold until sufficient cash resources were obtained to finance the project.

Some of the finance reforms included paying cash for labor in place of corvee labor, increase the supply of copper coins, improve management of trade, direct government loan to farmers during planting seasons and to be repaid at harvest.

In finance, the underlying of a derivative is an asset, basket of assets, index, or even another derivative, such that the cash flows of the ( former ) derivative depend on the value of this underlying.

The primary geographic focus of the commercial banking business is the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland and Romania, where it offers a full range of products, from cash management to corporate finance.

To finance the film, Warren accumulated a substantial, but nevertheless insufficient, sum of cash, $ 19, 000 ( equivalent to $ in dollars ), and hired a group of actors from a local theater and modeling agency.

A great part of this massive stockpile of land needed to be converted into cash by the railways to finance their building activities, since railroad construction was a costly undertaking.

As stated, the size of the cash balance the firm decides to hold is directly related to its unwillingness to pay the costs necessary to use a factor to finance its short term cash needs.

Typical services include investigating the creditworthiness of buyers, assuming credit risk and giving 100 % protection against write-offs, collection and management of receivables and provision of finance through immediate cash advances against outstanding receivables.

For example, in economics and finance, a financial institution might attempt to forecast several possible scenarios for the economy ( e. g. rapid growth, moderate growth, slow growth ) and it might also attempt to forecast financial market returns ( for bonds, stocks and cash ) in each of those scenarios.

In finance, a convertible note ( a convertible debenture if it has a maturity of greater than 10 years ) is a type of bond that the holder can convert into shares of common stock in the issuing company or cash of equal value, at an agreed-upon price.

* Swap ( finance ), a derivative in which two parties agree to exchange one stream of cash flows against another

In finance, the term yield describes the amount in cash that returns to the owners of a security.

In finance, a swap is a derivative in which counterparties exchange cash flows of one party's financial instrument for those of the other party's financial instrument.

Tolerance was extended to non-Muslims such as Christians, and Jews, who occupied high levels in government based on ability, and tolerance was set into place to ensure the flow of money from all those who were non-Muslims too in order to finance the Fatimids Caliphs ' large army of Mamluks brought in from Circassia by Genoese merchants.

* Cash flow from operating activities, a finance term

In some locales, choice of the flow control device was driven by state bonding laws, or municipal finance concerns.

The railroad was completed in 1890, but the flow of passengers proved insufficient to finance Keith's debt.

Through analysis of flow and production, industrial areas, rural and urban residential areas, transportation site, commercial service facilities and finance and other economic centers are linked together in an economic activity system.

In contrast to Spain, the French, under Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( 1619 – 1683 ), the minister of finance, had begun to industrialize their economy, and thus, were able to become, initially at least, the benefactors of the flow of wealth.

* Stock and flow, in economics and finance, a quantity measured over an interval of time

Legal restrictions on structuring should not be confused with capital controls, which are statutory or regulatory limits on the money that one can take out of a nation, though they can have some of the same economic effects in some economies, as structuring controls effectively limit the flow of capital by magnitude and duration, and can apply equally to taking money out of a nation as well as putting money into its finance system.

In corporate finance, free cash flow ( FCF ) is cash flow available for distribution among all the securities holders of an organization.

Were this not the case, ( 4 ) the abitrageur could finance his purchase of whichever of the bond or the sum of the various ZCBs was cheaper, by short selling the other, and meeting his cash flow commitments using the coupons or maturing zeroes as appropriate.

* International finance studies the flow of capital across international financial markets, and the effects of these movements on exchange rates.

* Another name for a stream of cash flow in finance ; see swap ( finance )

The BRW Fast Club meet throughout the year to network and discuss topics relating to cash flow management, strategic planning, business expansion, offshore expansion, finance ( including managing capital & finding new sources ), sales, how to sell your business, and IPOs.

Deal flow ( or dealflow ) is a term used by finance professionals such as venture capitalists, angel investors, private equity investors and investment bankers to refer to the rate at which they receive business proposals / investment offers.

A financial planner or personal financial planner is a practicing professional who prepares financial planning for people covering various aspects of personal finance which includes: cash flow management, education planning, retirement planning, investment planning, risk management and insurance planning, tax planning, estate planning and business succession planning ( for business owners ).

Economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and government, but also to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science.

In the course of developing the Russian application of Marxism, the pamphlet Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ( 1916 ) presented Lenin ’ s analysis of an economic development predicted by Karl Marx: that capitalism would become a global financial system, wherein advanced industrial countries export financial capital to their colonial countries, to finance the exploitation of their natural resources and the labour of the native populations.

In fact, much analysis is devoted to cases where so-called market failures lead to resource allocation that is suboptimal by some standard ( defense spending is the classic example, profitable to all for use but not directly profitable for anyone to finance ).

This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation.

This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements and a cradle to grave analysis of the possible mine, from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation.

But the rest problem and social welfare function selection, as well as the subjective factors in behavioral finance, has led to a closer analysis of factors of production.

Extreme value analysis is widely used in many disciplines, ranging from structural engineering, finance, earth sciences, traffic prediction, geological engineering, etc.

Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics.

Buchanan's work includes extensive writings on public finance, the public debt, voting, rigorous analysis of the theory of logrolling, macroeconomics, constitutional economics.

Upon finishing their required courses, students can select from curricula of different tracks ( enterprise management, finance and banking, enterprise innovation and management, accounting analysis and management control, e-commerce, international business administration, etc .).

* Quantitative analysis, the application of quantitative techniques such as statistics and stochastics in various areas of data analysis ( e. g. finance )

The US and India are the only countries which have all of Dell's business functions and provide support globally: Research and Development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, customer care.

In finance, technical analysis is a security analysis discipline used for forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume.

Author David Aronson says that the theory of behavioral finance blends with the practice of technical analysis:

By considering the impact of emotions, cognitive errors, irrational preferences, and the dynamics of group behavior, behavioral finance offers succinct explanations of excess market volatility as well as the excess returns earned by stale information strategies .... cognitive errors may also explain the existence of market inefficiencies that spawn the systematic price movements that allow objective TA analysis methods to work.

Through analysis of the questionnaires, the IOC gave a weighted-average score to each city based on the scores obtained in each of the questionnaire's eleven themes: political and social support, general infrastructure, sports venues, Olympic Village, environment, accommodation, transport, security, past experience, finance, and legacy.

Technical analysts consider behavioral economics ' academic cousin, behavioral finance, to be the theoretical basis for technical analysis.

An article on the paper's website previewing the new version stated that " The News section, which will incorporate Business and personal finance, will be home to a new section, Seven Days, offering a complete round-up of the previous week's main news from Britain and around the world, and will also focus on more analysis and comment.