During his time as prime minister, average living standards steadily rose while numerous social reforms were carried out such as the 1956 Clean Air Act, the 1957 Housing Act, the 1960 Offices Act, the 1960 Noise Abatement Act, the Factories Act 1961, the introduction of a graduated pension scheme to provide an additional income to retirees, and a reduction in the standard workweek from 48 to 42 hours.

In the science of ethology ( the study of animal behaviour ), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.

Agriculture generally speaking refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.

In modern English, " Americans " generally refers to residents of the United States, and among native speakers of English this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification of the subject under discussion.

When the grammatical dual form of Ajax is used in the Iliad, it was once believed that it indicated the lesser Ajax fighting side-by-side with Telamonian Ajax, but now it is generally thought that that usage refers to the Greater Ajax and his brother Teucer.

It may also be intended to mean the numerals used by Arabs, in which case it generally refers to the Eastern Arabic numerals.

Inorganic qualitative analysis generally refers to a systematic scheme to confirm the presence of certain, usually aqueous, ions or elements by performing a series of reactions that eliminate ranges of possibilities and then confirms suspected ions with a confirming test.

: Science of the mind, or cultural or spiritual science ), a term generally used in German to refer to the humanities and social sciences ; in fact, the term " science " is used more broadly in Europe as a general term that refers to any exact knowledge.

The term Transonic refers to a range of velocities just below and above the local speed of sound ( generally taken as Mach 0. 8 – 1. 2 ).

In contemporary Indonesia, the term amok ( amuk ) generally refers not to individual violence, but to apparently frenzied violence by mobs.

The black letter law refers to the basic standard elements for a particular field of law, which are generally known and free from doubt or dispute.

More generally, calculus ( plural calculi ) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions.

An example is fusion cuisine, which combines elements of various culinary traditions while not being categorized per any one cuisine style, and generally refers to the innovations in many contemporary restaurant cuisines since the 1970s.

The term " memory " when used with reference to computers generally refers to Random Access Memory or RAM.

** The breech refers to the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore extending to the base of the breech and including the base ring ; it also generally refers to the end of the cannon opposite the muzzle, i. e., the location where the explosion of the gunpowder begins as opposed to the opening through which the pressurized gas escapes.

Commodore generally refers to Commodore ( rank ), a naval rank.

Cruising generally refers to trips of a few days or more, and can extend to round-the-world voyages.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

Dominoes ( or dominos ) generally refers to the collective gaming pieces making up a domino set ( sometimes called a deck or pack ) or to the subcategory of tile games played with domino pieces.

Polyether generally refers to polymers which contain the ether functional group in their main chain.

Curiosa generally refers to erotica and pornography as discrete, collectible items, usually in published or printed form.

The word faith generally refers to a belief that is held with lack of, in spite of or against reason and evidence.

While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human patients.

Direction of causal flow is upward. For a multivariate function, functional decomposition generally refers to a process of identifying a set of functions such that

" Anti-competitive conduct " refers to the restrictive trade practices in Part IV of the Act ( Sections 45, 45B, 46, 47 or 48 ), or when a carrier with a substantial degree of power in a telecommunications market has taken advantage of the power with the effect, or likely effect, of substantially lessening competition.

And in Freie Satz, he confirms that the word still refers to the passing from one voice-leading level to another: " For the sake of continuity with my earlier theoretical and analytical works, I am retaining in this volume the words of Latin derivation prolongation and diminution as designations for the voice-leading levels in the middelground ".

* Accreditation of Prior Learning ( UK ) refers to a reduction in the amount of study required to pass a degree, due to previous experience or study.

Scalability generally refers to a quality reduction achieved by manipulation of the bitstream or file ( without decompression and re-compression ).

Harm reduction ( or less commonly known as harm minimization ) refers to a range of public health policies designed to reduce the harmful consequences associated with human behaviors, even if those behaviors are risky or illegal.

Percussion reduction, or percussion flaking, refers to removal of flakes by impact.

* In penology, " remission " refers to the reduction of a prison sentence.

The term pollinator decline refers to the reduction in abundance of pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide during the end of the twentieth century.

The term " 1-dimension " refers to a simple pistonic relationship between the noise and the active speaker ( mechanical noise reduction ) or between the active speaker and the listener ( headphones ).

Resultant force refers to the reduction of a system of forces acting on a body to a single force and an associated torque.

The term ' cyclic mobility ' refers to the mechanism of progressive reduction of effective stress due to cyclic loading.

In popular usage, the term BDD almost always refers to Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagram ( ROBDD in the literature, used when the ordering and reduction aspects need to be emphasized ).

When this number is less than one it refers to a reduction in size, sometimes called " minification " or " de-magnification ".

There is a clear description of such a mechanism in the Honda Civic 1996-1998 Service Manual, which refers to it as a " noise reduction system ":

Waist reduction or waist training refers to the act of wearing a corset or other constricting garment to reduce or alter the waistline.

In economics, austerity refers to a policy of deficit-cutting by lowering spending via a reduction in the amount of benefits and public services provided.

Tax exemption also generally refers to removal from taxation of a particular item or class rather than a reduction of taxable items by way of deduction of other items ( i. e., a deduction ).

In mathematics, reduction refers to the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form.

In linear algebra, reduction refers to applying simple rules to a series of equations or matrices to change them into a simpler form.

In calculus, reduction refers to using the technique of integration by parts to evaluate a whole class of integrals by reducing them to simpler forms.

In probability and statistics, decoupling refers to a reduction of a sample statistic to an average of the statistic evaluated on several independent sequences of the random variable.

Immigration reduction refers to a movement in the United States that advocates a reduction in the amount of immigration allowed into the country.

The first kind ( sometimes called " sigma-convergence ") refers to a reduction in the dispersion of levels of income across economies.

In population genetics, the Wahlund effect refers to reduction of heterozygosity in a population caused by subpopulation structure.

Physical dependence refers to a state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction.