As well, the famous physician, scientist, and surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) was active in Al-Hakam's court during his reign.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ), who some have called the father of modern surgery, wrote the Kitab al-Tasrif ( 1000 ), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century.

Most of the leading scientists around the year 1000 were Muslim scientists, including Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ), Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Avicenna, Abu al-Qasim ( Abulcasis ), Ibn Yunus, Abu Sahl al-Quhi ( Kuhi ), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji ( al-Karkhi ), among others.

* Arab Muslim physician, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia the Al-Tasrif.

The earliest appreciation of syndactyly as a birth anomaly or burn-trauma can be traced back to the Andalusian Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi ( d. 1013 CE ), known in the West as Abulcasis.

The first clinical description of and operative procedure for hydrocephalus appears in the Al-Tasrif ( 1000 AD ) by the Arab surgeon, Abulcasis, who clearly described the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in hydrocephalic children.

* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ), described neurosurgery ;

During the Islamic Golden Age the notable Arab Andalusian cosmetologist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) invented solid lipsticks, which were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, and he described them in his Al-Tasrif.

In 1000 CE Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, also known as Albucasis or Abulcasis, described a variety of surgical instruments including retractors in his famous text Al-Tasrif.

The renowned Andalusian ophthalmologic surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (" Abulcasis ", 936 – 1013 CE ) relied on opium and mandrake as surgical anaesthetics and wrote a treatise, al-Tasrif, that influenced medical thought well into the sixteenth century.

* c. 1000 – Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) of al-Andalus publishes his influential 30-volume Arabic medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif

Major works from this decade include Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen )' s Book of Optics, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis )' s 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif.

Abulcasis ( Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi ), an Andalusian-Arab physician and scientist who practised in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba, wrote medical texts that shaped European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance.

Other influential translated medical texts at the time included the Hippocratic Corpus attributed to Hippocrates, Alkindus ' De Gradibus, the Liber pantegni of Haly Abbas and Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abulcasis ' Al-Tasrif, and the writings of Galen.

* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( a. k. a. Abulcasis ), Arab physician and surgeon from Al-Andalus

* c. 1000 – The Al-Tasrif is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ).

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) ( 936-1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation.

Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi ( 936 – 1013 ), () also known in the West as Abulcasis, was an Arab physician who lived in Al-Andalus.

Abulcasis ( 936-1013 ) of Cordoba authored The Book of Simples, an important source for later European herbals, while Ibn al-Baitar ( 1197 – 1248 ) of Malaga authored the Corpus of Simples, the most complete Arab herbal which introduced 200 new healing herbs, including tamarind, Aconitum, and nux vomica.

Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) described disorders similar to meningitis, intracranial thrombophlebitis, and mediastinal germ cell tumors ; Averroes attributed photoreceptor properties to the retina ; and Maimonides described rabies and belladonna intoxication.

In Persia, works such as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi provided evidence of political analysis, while the Middle Eastern Aristotelians such as Avicenna and later Maimonides and Averroes, continued Aristotle's tradition of analysis and empiricism, writing commentaries on Aristotle's works.

Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Aquinas and Hegel are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable — perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study.

Moses Maimonides, Samuel Ben Tibbon, Juda Ben Solomon Choen, and Shem Tob Ben Joseph Falaquera were Jewish philosophers influenced by Averroes.

In some ways his position was parallel to that of Averroes ; in reaction to the attacks on Avicennian Aristotelism, Maimonides embraced and defended a stricter Aristotelism without Neoplatonic additions.

Ibn Falaquera's two leading philosophic authorities were Averroes and Maimonides.

Gersonides and his father were avid students of the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Aristotle, Empedocles, Galen, Hippocrates, Homer, Plato, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Themistius, Theophrastus, Ali ibn Abbas al-Magusi, Ali ibn Ridwan, Averroes, Avicenna, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al-Farabi, Al-Fergani, Chonain, Isaac Israeli, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Zuhr, Isaac Alfasi, and Maimonides.

His influence was such that Avicenna referred to him simply as " the Master "; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas call him just " the Philosopher.

There had been earlier Aristotelian influences within Christianity ( notably Anselm ), but Aquinas ( who, incidentally, found his Aristotelian influence via Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides ) incorporated extensive Aristotelian ideas throughout his own theology.

They were studied by Islamic and Jewish scholars, including Rabbi Moses Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) and the Muslim Judge Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ); both were originally from Cordoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt.

Though many of his works have not survived, his theories on astronomy and physics were preserved by Maimonides and Averroes respectively, which had a subsequent influence on later astronomers and physicists in the Islamic civilization and Renaissance Europe, including Galileo Galilei.

During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) or the Muslim polymath ( 1126 – 1198 ) Averroes penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to the flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later.

The earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which Maimonides, Averroes, and others worked.

This was the program of Jewish rationalist philosophers such as Saadia Gaon, Maimonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Sina aka Avicenna ), and Gersonides ( who was influenced by Ibn Roshd, aka Averroes ).

The difference between Thomism and Scotism could be expressed by saying that, while both derive from Arabic Neoplatonized Aristotelianism, Thomism is closer to the orthodox Aristotelianism of Maimonides, Averroes and Avicenna, while Scotism reflects the Platonizing tendency going back through Avicebron, the Brethren of Purity, the Liber de Causis and Proclus to Plotinus.

Ibn Roshd ( Averroes ), the contemporary of Maimonides, closes the philosophical era of the Arabs.

An active school of philosophers in Spain, including the noted commentator Averroes ( 1126-1198 AD ) explicitly rejected the thought of al-Ghazali and turned to an extensive evaluation of the thought of Aristotle.

Averroes ' Physics: A Turning Point in Medieval Natural Philosophy ( Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 ).

B., Jr., " Averroes ", in Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations.

The study of Aristotle brought him to study and comment on the teachings of Muslim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes, and this would bring him in the heart of academic debate.

(), better known just as Ibn Rushd (), and in European literature as Averroes (; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198 ), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.

* The Muslim pop musician Kareem Salama composed and performed a song in 2007 titled Aristotle and Averroes.

It was commonly believed that the Asharites put an end to philosophy as such in the Muslim world, with the death of Averroes at the end of the 12th century.

* In medieval scholastic philosophy, " The Commentator " refers to Averroes, a 12th century Muslim philosopher

Although this school was highly criticized by Muslim theologians, such as al-Ghazali, philosophers, like Averroes, and Sufis, Avicenna's writings spread like fire and continued until today to form the basis of philosophic education in the Islamic world.

After the death of Averroes, Islamic philosophy in the Peripatetic style went out of fashion in the Arab part of Muslim world, until the 19th century.