Afonso de Albuquerque ( or archaically spelt as Aphonso d ' Albuquerque and also spelt as Alfonso, and Alphonso ; ; 1453December 16, 1515 ), 1st Duke of Goa, was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

In 1138, Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated by Alfonso VII of León, and in the Battle of Ourique ( 1139 ), by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown.

Afonso I ( 25 June 1109, Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185, Coimbra ), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (), nicknamed " the Conqueror " (), " the Founder " () or " the Great " () by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali (" the Portuguese ") and Ibn-Arrik (" son of Henry ", " Henriques ") by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal.

Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy and Theresa of León, the natural daughter of King Alfonso VI of León.

Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal ( up to then Southern Galicia ) into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler ( Duke of Portugal ) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles.

In 1169 the now old Dom Afonso was disabled in an engagement near Badajoz by a fall from his horse, and made prisoner by the soldiers of the king of León, his son-in-law.

Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia ( north of the Minho ) in the previous years.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who was removed from the throne on 4 January 1248.

As the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother Sancho.

Since Sancho was not a popular king, the order was not hard to enforce ; he was exiled to Castile and Afonso III became king in 1248 after his brother's death.

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 ), called the Brave (), was King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death.

Afonso, born in Lisbon, was the rightful heir to the Portuguese throne.

However, he was not, according to several sources, Dinis ' favourite son ; his half-brother, the illegitimate Afonso Sanches, enjoyed full royal favour.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

Afonso IV was not happy to see his daughter abused, and started a war against Castile.

Afonso IV was displeased with his son's choice of lovers, and hoped that the relationship would be a futile one.

Henry de Montherlant's French drama La Reine morte was inspired by the conflict between King Afonso and Pedro and Inês.

In the same year, Ferdinand defeated King Afonso I of Portugal, who, in 1163, had occupied Salamanca in retaliation for the repopulation of the area ordered by the King of León.

Bury: “ After nine months, occupied with frontier raids and fruitless negotiations, the Castilian and Portuguese armies met at Toro … and fought an indecisive battle, for while Afonso was beaten and fled, his son john destroyed the forces opposed to him.

* June 9 Afonso Costa ( Finance Minister ) and Augusto Soares participated in an Allied Economic Conference where the Allies decided that as condition for peace, Germany would have to return the territories of Alsace-Lorraine to France ( occupied since 1871 ) and Kionga in Portuguese Mozambique to Portugal ( occupied since 1894 ).

Monsaraz was reorganized during the Roman occupation, but later successively occupied by the Visigoths, Arabs, Mozarabs, Jews, and, after the Reconquista, Christians loyal to the Afonso Henriques.

Afonso died almost immediately after, in Lisbon in May.

Afonso was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous year.

As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous years, as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.

As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in Galicia in the previous years as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.

Walter Map tells a story that " the King of Portugal now living ", almost certainly Afonso, had been convinced by evil counselors to murder his pregnant wife out of misplaced jealousy.

* 1267 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty determining the southern border between Portugal and Spain as the Guadiana River, a border that remains to this day.

* February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.

But in 1396, John returned to Bragança to curb Castillian aggression, taking the titles from Afonso Pimental ( who was an ally of Castile ) and delivering into to his illegitimate son's hands Afonso ( donated in 1401 by Regent Peter ), who he charged with reinforcing the border and elaborating the defenses of the castle.

Her son and heir, Afonso, defeated Teresa's troops at the Battle of São Mamede near Guimarães and led her, along with the Count of Traba and their children, into exile in the kingdom of Galicia, near the Portuguese border, where the Traba had founded the monastery of Toxas Altas.

On 30 May 1475, her uncle Afonso V of Portugal married Joanna in Plasencia and prepared for the fighting.

Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south.

Thus, Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against the Moors, from whom he wrested Santarém ( see Conquest of Santarém ) and Lisbon in 1147 ( see Siege of Lisbon ).

Hitherto, his father Sancho I and his grandfather Afonso I were mostly concerned with military issues either against the neighbouring Kingdom of Castile or against the Moorish lands in the south.

Following his success against the Moors, Afonso III had to deal with a political situation arising from the borders with Castile.

The last part of Afonso IV's reign is marked not by open warfare against Castile, but by political intrigue.

One of the arguments he used against Sancho II in his Grandi non immerito text was his status as a minor upon inheriting the throne from his father Afonso II.

* 1249 — End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.

* Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy.

The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broke an alliance with the king of León Ferdinand II against Afonso.

* A rebellion occurs against King Sancho II of Portugal in favour of his brother Afonso.

After three years of war against Urraca and other rival claimants to the throne of León, Count Henry himself died in 1112, leaving his widow Theresa to govern Portugal north of the Mondego during the minority of her infant son Afonso: south of the Mondego the Moors were still supreme.

Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south.

Thus, Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against the Moors, from whom he wrested Santarém and Lisbon in 1147.

Afonso II repudiated the will of his father, refused to surrender the estates left to his brothers, who went into exile, and only gave up the property bequeathed to his sisters after a prolonged civil war in which Alfonso IX of León took part against them.

Peter, the heir, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke of Peñafiel ( near Valladolid ), and Afonso IV brought a strong Portuguese army to aid the Castilians against the Moors of Granada and their African allies.

Only the NRP Afonso de Albuquerque in Goa and the patrol craft Vega in Diu saw action against the Indian Navy, the patrol craft Sirius was rendered unusable, and the Anthares escaped from Damão to Karachi.

The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal in battle against the Almohad rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.

He fought against Joan of Castile, who was supported by the Portuguese army of King Afonso V of Portugal, who was her husband and her uncle.

It was a confrontation between the forces commanded by King Afonso V of Portugal and his uncle Afonso, Duke of Braganza, against the army of the rebellious Pedro, Duke of Coimbra.

When King John I, and a few years later, King Edward, died, the crown fell on the boy Afonso V, under the regency of the Queen, an Aragonese ; the people remembered 1383 and the civil war, and rebelled against the Queen.

In the years to follow, the Queen tried a coup-d ' etat with the help of her family ; Peter, married to an Aragonese whose family fought for Castilian power against the Queen's family, managed to send her back to Castile, appeased older Afonso giving him the Duchy of Braganza and conquered the thrust of his sons by promising them military titles, married his daughter to the young King, and assumed the Regency, establishing himself as the most powerful man in Portugal with the help of his brother Henry.