The CTCA program of activities was profuse: William Farnum and Mary Pickford on the screen, Elsie Janis and Harry Lauder on the stage, books provided by the American Library Association, full equipment for games and sports -- except that no `` bones '' were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as `` African golf ''.

# REDIRECT African American

* 1864 – American Civil War: The Fort Pillow massacre: Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.

Harvesting Freedom: African American Agrarianism in Civil War Era South Carolina ( 2007 )

Black sign language is influenced by African American English ( AAE ).

Remaining steadfast to his pedagogy, a forerunner of progressive and democratic schooling, he alienated parents in a later " parlor school " by admitting an African American child to the class, whom he then refused to expel in the face of protests.

It has had particular influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic African American spiritual.

He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse not written by Newton that had been passed down orally in African American communities for at least 50 years.

Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the " dangers, toils, and snares " of Newton's words are a " universal testimony " of the African American experience.

In the 1960s with the African American Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone.

* 1968 – James Anderson, Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U. S. Marine.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in the same genus ; subsequently they were separated into two different genera.

The key question is whether Linnaeus's type was a South African plant or a South American plant.

* 1910 – Vivien Thomas, African American surgeon ( d. 1985 )

* 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

African American Vernacular English | AAVE-influenced non-rhotic pronunciations may be African American Vernacular English | found among African Americans throughout the country.

The loss of syllable-final r in North America is confined mostly to the accents of eastern New England, New York City and surrounding areas and the coastal portions of the South, and African American Vernacular English.

African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes ) are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.

In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of " African " from their institutions and replace it with " Negro " or " Colored American ".

This defeat of a colonial power and the ensuing recognition of African sovereignty became rallying points for later African nationalists during their struggle for decolonization, as well as activists and leaders of the Pan-African movement.

European states kept these weapons largely among themselves by refusing to sell these weapons to African leaders.

On 15 September 2008, the leaders of the 14-member Southern African Development Community witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki.

The next year Senator John F. Kennedy helped fund the program, which trained some 70 % of the top leaders of the new nation, including the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, environmentalist Wangari Maathai.

The event was graced by a number of African leaders and praised by the international community.

In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months with hard labour for distributing subversive literature ; such imprisonment and other forms of harassment were normal rites of passage for African nationalist leaders.

During his rule, Banda was one of the very few post-colonial African leaders to maintain diplomatic relations with apartheid South Africa.

In addition to targeting gang leaders, bombing targets included South African authorities, moderate Muslims, synagogues, gay nightclubs, tourist attractions, and Western-associated restaurants.

On 21 November 1945, Tchicaya became one of the first African leaders elected to the French parliament, giving him great prestige in his native country.

Many leaders of former bantustans or homelands have had a role in South African politics since their abolition.

Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against " the usurping King of Lagos ", deposed in 1851.

British policy was to rule indirectly through African leaders.

Some democratically elected African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the African Union.

African Union leaders described the naming of Faure Gnassingbé as a military coup.

She inspired generations of African Americans struggling for equality and civil rights ; she was praised by leaders across the political spectrum.

However, during the riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in the spring of 1968, Agnew angered many African American leaders when he stated in reference to their constituents, " I call on you to publicly repudiate all black racists.

Houphouët-Boigny was considerably more conservative than most African leaders of the post-colonial period, maintaining close ties to the west and rejecting the leftist and anti-western stance of many leaders at the time.

Thurmond was increasingly at odds with the national Democratic Party, some of whose leaders were supporting the civil rights movement led by African Americans in the South seeking enforcement of their right as citizens to vote and an end to racial segregation.

It was members of this group, allied with forward-looking European leaders and intellectuals, who had shown the greatest interest in reforms and benefits for the African population.

Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence, critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it as a " Dictators ' Club " or " Dictator's Trade Union ".

Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency.

A bricklayer in Paoua, Central African Republic. In the 40 years since independence, the CAR has made slow progress toward economic development.

The nation's natural resources have made it into a comparatively prosperous nation in the African economy.

In 1902, Meinhof made recordings of East African music.

These are among the first recordings made of traditional African music.

Exceptions include the African slit drum, also known as a log drum as it is made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, and the Caribbean steel drum, made from a metal barrel.

The Belgian Government made no effort to train Congolese commissioned officers until the very end of the Colonial period and there were only about 20 African cadets in training on the eve of Independence.

A selection of three common dairy products made by a South African dairy company: a box of full cream, long life milk, a bottle of strawberry drinking yogurt, and a carton of passion fruit yogurt

If a distinction is to be made between divination and fortune-telling, divination has a formal or ritual and often social character, usually in a religious context, as seen in traditional African medicine ; while fortune-telling is a more everyday practice for personal purposes.

In 1976, President Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic, proclaimed the country to be an autocratic Central African Empire, and made himself Emperor as Bokassa I.

The first contacts with the African slave market were made by expeditions to ransom Portuguese subjects enslaved by pirate attacks on Portuguese ships or villages.

European explorers made use of African guides and servants, and established long-distance trading routes were used.

Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions – using the point of view of European music history or African music for example – but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.

The African traditions made use of a single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, but without the European concept of harmony.

The cultivation of sugar cane and coffee by African slave labour made Jamaica one of the most valuable possessions in the world for more than 150 years.

After his return to England in 1750, he made three further voyages as captain of the slave-trading ships Duke of Argyle ( 1750 ) and African ( 1752 – 1753 and 1753 – 1754 ).

Treating Revelation in his cursory fashion, he made use of an excerpt from the commentary of the North African Tichonius, which is preserved as a sort of argument at the beginning of the more extended work of the Spanish presbyter Beatus of Liébana.

And when vandals burned an African American church down, Dad made sure its parishioners got the funds to rebuild.

His successor Askia Muhammad Ture ( 1493 – 1528 ) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili ( d. 1504 ), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.

* African oolong: made in Malawi and in Kenya

Harriet Powers, a slave-born African American woman, made two famous story quilts.

Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the gramophone record, and African American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of " cultural collision ".

Ragtime was also a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms coming from African music.