Afonso de Albuquerque ( or archaically spelt as Aphonso d ' Albuquerque and also spelt as Alfonso, and Alphonso ; ; 1453December 16, 1515 ), 1st Duke of Goa, was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

Clerical and secular scholars from Europe turned their eyes to Iberian Peninsula as the arts and sciences prospered in an early Spanish " renaissance " under the patronage of Alfonso X, who was continuing the tradition of ( relatively ) enlightened and tolerant convivencia established by the Muslim emirate several centuries earlier.

It was not until Alfonso II that the kingdom was firmly established with Alfonso's recognition as king of Asturias by Charlemagne and the Pope.

During the reign of King Alfonso II ( 791 – 842 ), the kingdom was firmly established.

Alfonso III of Asturias repopulated the strategically important city León and established it as his capital.

The boundary troubles with Castile restarted in 1164: he then met at Soria with the Lara family, who represented Alfonso VIII, and a truce was established, allowing him to move against the Muslim Almoravids who still held much of southern Spain, and to capture the cities of Alcántara and Alburquerque.

It was not until King Alfonso II of Asturias ( 791-842 ) that the kingdom was firmly established with Alfonso's recognition as king of Asturias by Charlemagne and the Pope.

The zoo was established by its Alfonso L. Herrera, a biologist, and opened in 1924.

To cooperate in this work and to enhance the prestige of Seville, Alfonso the Wise in 1254 established in the city " general schools " ( escuelas generales ) of Arabic and Latin.

Granted Royal Chart by King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, as the University of Salamanca this established the rules for organization and financial endowment.

His pupils in 1909 included Marie Marvingt, who became the first woman to fly combat missions as a bomber pilot and established air ambulance services throughout the world, and Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera, cousin of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and the first Spanish military pilot.

He worked with directors ranging from established names like Antonio Margheriti and Marino Girolami to infamous Z-movie directors like Paolo Solvay, Godfrey Ho and Alfonso Brescia.

At the beginning of the 1980s Alfonso established himself near Lugano in a luxurious villa, supervising the laundering of the proceeds of heroin-trafficking.

The pronunciamiento by Martinez Campos established Alfonso XII as King, marking the end of the First Spanish Republic.

Alfonso V with this gesture wanted to compensate the city ( in which there had been recently established the Royal Court ) for moving the Sicilian capital from Catania to Palermo.

To cooperate in this work and to enhance the prestige of Seville, Alfonso the Wise in 1254 established in the city " general schools " ( escuelas generales ) of Arabic and Latin.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

In 1127, he reconquered Longares, but simultaneously lost all his Castilian possessions to Alfonso VII.

" The result of the crisis produced by the result of Alfonso I's will was a major reorientation of the peninsula's kingdoms: the separation of Aragon and Navarre, the union of Aragon and Catalonia and — a moot point but stressed particularly by some Castilian historians — the affirmation of ' Castilian hegemony ' in Spain " by the rendering of homage for Zaragoza by Alfonso's eventual heir, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona.

* Juan Alfonso de Baena, Castilian troubadour.

Alicante was finally taken in 1246 by the Castilian king Alfonso X, but it passed soon and definitely to the Kingdom of Valencia in 1298 with King James II of Aragon.

* c. 1283: The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos Alfonso X of Castile in Spain commissioned Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ( Libro de los Juegos ( The Book of Games )) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.

According to the epic of El Cid, the Castilian nobility led by El Cid and a dozen " oath-helpers " forced Alfonso to swear publicly in front of Santa Gadea ( Saint Agatha ) Church in Burgos on holy relics multiple times that he did not participate in the plot to kill his brother.

: King Alfonso XI of Castile attempted to retake Gibraltar aided by the fleet of the Castilian Admiral Alonso Jofre Tenorio.

* 1349-Gibraltar was unsuccessfully besieged by the Castilian forces led by the king Alfonso XI.

In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language.

Most of the work accomplished in Alfonso ’ s scriptorium consisted of translations into the Castilian vernacular from Arabic translations of Greek texts or classical Jewish medicinal texts.

Alfonso was successful in promoting Castilian society and culture through his emphasis on the use of Galaico-Portuguese and Castilian, in academic, juridical, diplomatic, literary, and historical works.

This emphasis, on languages other than Romance languages, also had the effect of reducing the universality of his translated works and original academic writings, as Latin was the lingua franca in both Iberia and Europe ; yet Alfonso never desisted in his promotion of the Castilian vernacular.

* 1086 – At the Battle of az-Zallaqah, the army of Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeats the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI.

* July 18 – Battle of Alarcos: Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya ' qub al-Mansur decisively defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII.

In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen-year-old son and Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.

* Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile ( 1162 – 1214 ), wife of Alfonso VIII, who brought the name into the Castilian Royal Dynasty

From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for the purpose of translating books from Arabic and Hebrew into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted in supervising personally the translations.

Alfonso also had Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas (" Libro de los Juegos " ( The Book of Games )) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.

Besides, on January 18, 1174 in Zaragoza Alfonso married Infanta Sancha of Castile, sister of the Castilian king.

Alfonso and his love affairs are mentioned in poems by many troubadours, including Guillem de Berguedà ( who criticized his dealings with Azalais of Toulouse ) and Peire Vidal, who commended Alfonso's decision to marry Sancha rather than Eudokia Komnene that he had preferred a poor Castilian maid to the emperor Manuel's golden camel.

In February, 1216, an extraordinary parliamentary session was held in Valladolid, attended by such Castilian magnates as Lope Díaz II de Haro, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Álvaro Díaz de Cameros, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses and others, who agreed, with the support of Berengaria, to make common cause against Álvaro Núñez de Lara.

Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language.

While some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the " Circumpyrenean " language ( as put by Basque linguist Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by Koldo Mitxelena, 1982 ), is the underlying language spreading around the Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as the Mediterranean in Roman times ( niska cited by Joan Coromines as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa Arles de Tech in Rousillon, etc .).

* 1873-Regions Beyond Missionary Union founded in London in connection with the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions ; first Scripture portion ( Gospel of Luke ) translated into Pangasinan, a language of the Philippines, by Alfonso Lallave

A notable example is " Quando el Rey Nimrod " (" When King Nimrod "), one of the most well-known folksongs in Ladino ( the Judeo-Spanish language ), apparently written during the reign of King Alfonso X of Castile.

The Legislative Assembly appointed Alfonso Lastra Charriez as its emissary since he had French heritage and spoke the language fluently.

Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao ( 30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950 ), most commonly known as simply Castelao, was a Galician writer in Galician language and one of the main symbols of Galician nationalism.

Following the path of his uncle, Alfonso X of Castile, Juan Manuel wrote in Castilian, a peculiarity in times when Latin was the ' official ' language for educated writing.