Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle ( though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name ).

The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times.

Almandine (), also known incorrectly as almandite, is a species of mineral belonging to the garnet group.

Almandine is one end-member of a mineral solid solution series, with the other end member being the garnet pyrope.

Almandine, Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup >< sub > 3 </ sub > Al < sub > 2 </ sub > Si < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sub > 12 </ sub >, is the ferrous iron end member of the class of garnet minerals representing an important group of rock-forming silicates, which are the main constituents of the Earth's crust, upper mantle and transition zone.

Almandine is antiferromagnet with the Néel temperature of 7. 5 K. It contains two equivalent magnetic sublattices.

Almandine is widely distributed.

Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet, almandine ruby, and carbuncle.

Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with minerals such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others.

Almandine crystallizes in the cubic space group Iad, with unit-cell parameter a ≈ 11. 512 Å at 100 K.

Almandine occurs rather abundantly in the gem-gravels of Sri Lanka, whence it has sometimes been called Ceylon-ruby.

360 ° panorama of Flaine, from the Almandine run.

The identification of the basic unit of religious organization -- the parish or congregation -- with a residential area is self-defeating in a modern metropolis, for it simply means the closing of an iron trap on the outreach of the Christian fellowship and the transmutation of mission to co-optation.

Opinion is less individual or runs more into masses, and often rules with a rod of iron ''.

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. 02 % and 2. 14 % by mass.

For example, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element.

If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy.

In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.

Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix.

Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.

If the steel is cooled slowly, the iron will gradually change into its low temperature allotrope.

A meteorite is shown below a hatchet that was forged from meteoric iron.

Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people.

While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze.

An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick wetsuit, including a hood, booties, and gloves, and usually also a mask, snorkel, weight belt, abalone iron, and abalone gauge.

An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it can fully clamp down.

Finally, above the central part of the facade is a smaller balcony, also iron, with a different exterior aesthetic, closer to a local type of lily.

Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz ( SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >) and owes its violet color to irradiation, iron impurities ( in some cases in conjunction with transition element impurities ), and the presence of trace elements, which result in complex crystal lattice substitutions.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

The first deposit on the wall of a cavity, forming the " skin " of the agate, is generally a dark greenish mineral substance, like celadonite, delessite or " green earth ", which are rich in iron probably derived from the decomposition of the augite in the enclosing volcanic rock.

Mail, sometimes called " chainmail ", made of interlocking iron rings is believed to have first appeared some time after 300 BCE.

Lately, with the increase of alumina demand thanks to booming China, there is a renew interest in Guinea riches.

Insulators made from porcelain rich in alumina are used where high mechanical strength is a criterion.

Jamaica is the third-leading producer of bauxite and alumina in 1998, with 12. 6 million tons of bauxite, accounting for 10. 4 % of world production & 3. 46 million tons of alumina, accounting for 7. 4 % of world production.

Bauxite and alumina formed 55. 2 % of exports in 1999 and is the second-leading money earner after tourism.

The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica / alumina / zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance ( opacity ) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.

The λ < sup >− 4 </ sup >- type scattering is caused by the nanoporous structure ( a narrow pore size distribution around ~ 70 nm ) obtained by sintering monodispersive alumina powder.

The backbone of the economy of Suriname is the export of aluminium oxide ( alumina ) and small amounts of aluminium produced from bauxite mined in the country.

Near the airport is the site of a closed ( December 2000 ) alumina factory which processed bauxite from Suriname and West Africa.

The most common catalyst is granular alumina coated with iridium ( e. g. S-405 or KC 12 GA ).

Any excess of silica above what is required to neutralize the bases will separate out as quartz ; excess of alumina crystallizes as corundum.

It has greater than 17 % alumina ( Al < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >) and is intermediate in composition between tholeiite and alkali basalt ; the relatively alumina-rich composition is based on rocks without phenocrysts of plagioclase.

The flux often used in amateur compositions is calcium fluoride, as it reacts only minimally, has relatively low melting point, low melt viscosity at high temperatures ( therefore increasing fluidity of the slag ) and forms a eutectic with alumina.

Marggraf showed that alumina is one of the constituents of alum, but that this earth possesses peculiar properties, and is one of the ingredients in common clay.

He also showed that crystals of alum can be obtained by dissolving alumina in sulfuric acid and evaporating the solutions, and when a solution of potash or ammonia is dropped into this liquid, it immediately deposits perfect crystals of alum.

Torbern Bergman also observed that the addition of potash or ammonia made the solution of alumina in sulfuric acid crystallize, but that the same effect was not produced by the addition of soda or of lime, and that potassium sulfate is frequently found in alum.

Knowing that alum cannot be obtained in crystals without the addition of potash, he began to suspect that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient in the salt, and in 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a double salt, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash.

A common method of producing potash alum is leaching of alumina from bauxite which is then reacted with potassium sulfate.

Since the principal raw materials used to manufacture zeolites are silica and alumina, which are among the most abundant mineral components on earth, the potential to supply zeolites is virtually unlimited.

60, 000 tonne cargo vessels now carry raw bauxite from West African mines to the plant, where it is refined to alumina.

The main part of the insulator is typically made from sintered alumina ,), a very hard ceramic material with high dielectric strength, printed with the manufacturer's name and identifying marks, then glazed to improve resistance to surface spark tracking.

On modern ( post 1930's ) spark plugs, the tip of the insulator protruding into the combustion chamber is the same sintered aluminium oxide ( alumina ) ceramic as the upper portion, merely unglazed.