Although he used the usual French terms " avant J .- C ." ( before Jesus Christ ) and " après J .- C ." ( after Jesus Christ ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years ( identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table, possibly to save space, without a year 0 between them.

Although the word has a pejorative meaning nowadays, it was once a legitimate title of office in the Byzantine Empire.

Although the term " Greek fire " has been general in English and most other languages since the Crusades, in the original Byzantine sources it is called by a variety of names, such as " sea fire " (), " Roman fire " (), " war fire " (), " liquid fire " (), or " manufactured fire " ().

Although the destructiveness of Greek fire is indisputable, it should not be seen as some sort of " wonder weapon ", nor did it make the Byzantine navy invincible.

Although they never gave up their core identity as Western Europeans or Franks, their clothing, diet, and commercialism integrated much Oriental, particularly Byzantine, influence.

Although Classis was retaken in 728, fighting continued between Byzantine forces and the Lombards until 729, when Gregory brokered a deal between Liutprand and the Byzantine exarch, Eutychius, bringing about a temporary ceasing of hostilities that held until Gregory ’ s death.

Although the Crusades were, in part, originally intended to support the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople from attack by Turkish invaders, the Fourth Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, which greatly upset Pope Innocent.

Although there are some references to flanged maces ( bardoukion ) as early as the Byzantine empire c. 900 it is commonly accepted that the flanged mace did not become popular in Europe until the 12th century, when it was simultaneously developed in Russia and the Middle East.

Although not so refined as mosaics in Cefalù and the Palazzo dei Normanni, the cathedral interior nevertheless contains the largest cycle of Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy.

Although the Geographica was rarely utilized in its contemporary antiquity, a multitude of copies are found throughout the Byzantine Empire.

Although there is no definite numerical information until the Venetian period, it is believed that from the Mycenaean to the Byzantine period, the number of inhabitants was several thousand, who lived mainly in the northern part of Ithaca.

Although the Goths were unable to encircle the city completely, both the Byzantine soldiers and the inhabitants feared they would be destroyed.

Although the second ship was destroyed by the famous Byzantine cross-strait iron chains, Harald's ship sailed safely into the Black Sea after successfully maneuvering over the barrier.

Although Basil seems to have shared this belief ( and hated Leo ), the subsequent promotion of Basil to caesar and then co-emperor provided the child with a legitimate and Imperial parent and secured his succession to the Byzantine throne.

Although Byzantium would tacitly support a Serbian revolt against Bulgaria in 931, and the Bulgarians would allow Magyar raids across their territory into Byzantine possessions, Byzantium and Bulgaria remained at peace for 40 years, until Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria.

Although this revolt was suppressed by the general Nikephoros Bryennios, the Byzantine Empire was unable to recover its losses in Asia Minor.

Although they are not said to be the same and are given different fathers, they are discussed together in a single entry both in the 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia the Suda and by Zenobius.

Although Eudocia's work has been mostly ignored by modern scholars, her poetry and literary work are great examples of how her Christian faith and Greek upbringing were intertwined, exemplifying a legacy that the Byzantine Empire left behind on the Christian world.

Although the overwhelming majority of later minuscule manuscripts conform to the Byzantine text-type ; detailed study has, from time to time, identified individual minuscules that transmit the alternative Alexandrian text.

Although a residual Byzantine state known as the Empire of Nicaea survived the Crusader onslaught and eventually recovered Constantinople ( 1261 ), many of the original Byzantine territories, including Paros, were lost permanently to the crusading powers.

Although the most famous exemplars of Hermetic literature were products of Greek-speakers under Roman rule the genre did not suddenly stop with the fall of the Empire but continued to be produced in Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian and Byzantine Greek.

Although based mainly on late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type, Erasmus's edition differed markedly from the classic form of that text.

Although some sources state that Ealdred attended the coronation of Emperor Henry IV, this is not possible, as on the date that Henry was crowned, Ealdred was in England consecrating an abbot.

Although these two trios are sometimes numbered as " No. 5 " and " No. 6 ", the numbering of Beethoven's twelve piano trios is not standardized, and in other sources the two Op.

Although the " Archduke Trio " is sometimes numbered as " No. 7 ", the numbering of Beethoven's twelve piano trios is not standardized, and in other sources the Op.

Although early Reichswehr periodicals contained many translated works from Allied sources, they were rarely adopted.

Although many states rose and fell, the most important and durable of the empires were Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi, and Ouaddai, according to most written sources ( mainly court chronicles and writings of Arab traders and travelers ).

Although there are conflicting dates as to when they met ( some sources state that they met in January 1989 at the Satyricon nightclub ), Love stated that the two first encountered one another in January 1988 at a Dharma Bums show where she was doing a spoken word performance, and Erlandson stated that both he and Love were formally introduced to Cobain in a parking lot after a Butthole Surfers concert at the Hollywood Paladium in 1991.

Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities.

Although details of their physiology were not mentioned on screen, the space slug, ( a giant worm-like creature that lived on asteroids in the vacuum of space ), and the Mynock, ( pesky bat-like vermin that would attach to spaceship hulls and chew through power conduits to feed off the raw energy ), are said to be silicon-based organisms in Star Wars Expanded Universe sources.

Although computing a power spectrum from a map is in principle a simple Fourier transform, decomposing the map of the sky into spherical harmonics, in practice it is hard to take the effects of noise and foreground sources into account.

Although the Board elected its members from the two sources of nominees in equal proportions between 1891 and 2007, the Board decided in 2007 to add several new members, all charter trustees.

Although posterity suspected him of Arianism, Eusebius had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship ; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors the painstaking labor of original research.

Although Brazil has 100 million fewer citizens than the United States, and more restrictive gun laws, there are 25 percent more gun deaths ; other sources indicate that homicide rates due to guns are approximately four times higher than the rate in the United States.

Although gelatin is 98-99 % protein by dry weight, it has less nutritional value than many other protein sources.

Although Isaiah is not mentioned by name in the Qur ' an or in the authenticated sayings of Prophet Muhammed, Muslim sources have accepted him as a prophet.

Although Wagner became fiercely critical of Brahms as the latter grew in stature and popularity, he was enthusiastically receptive of the early Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel ; Brahms himself, according to many sources ( Swafford, 1999 ), deeply admired Wagner's music, confining his ambivalence only to the dramaturgical precepts of Wagner's theory.

Although Bujold explores and satirizes many kinds of societies and prejudices, her universe lacks or fails to consider several sources of social organization and prejudice on Earth: language, skin color, and religion.

Although these nebulae have different visibility at optical wavelengths, they are all bright sources of infrared emission, chiefly from dust within the nebulae.

Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above, newspaper sources claim that it reaches and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat.

Although largely replaced since the introduction of the compact disc in 1982, record albums still sell in small numbers and are available through numerous sources.

Although pop music is often seen as oriented towards the singles charts it is not the sum of all chart music, which has always contained songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs, while pop music as a genre is usually seen as existing and developing separately.

Although water continues to be provided from underground sources, most is obtained by desalination of seawater.

Although total worldwide album sales are not calculated by any single entity, as of 2004 several industry sources estimated Rush's total worldwide album sales at over 40 million units.

Although there are depictions of sieges from the ancient Near East in historical sources and in art, there are very few examples of siege systems that have been found archaeologically.

Although Egypt's administrative control of Kush extended only down to the fourth cataract, Egyptian sources list tributary districts reaching to the Red Sea and upstream to the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers.