Although, as of 2009, none of the extrasolar planets detected by ground-based astrometry has been verified in subsequent studies, astrometry is expected to be more accurate in space missions that are not affected by the distorting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.

Although he used the usual French terms " avant J .- C ." ( before Jesus Christ ) and " après J .- C ." ( after Jesus Christ ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years ( identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table, possibly to save space, without a year 0 between them.

Although details of their physiology were not mentioned on screen, the space slug, ( a giant worm-like creature that lived on asteroids in the vacuum of space ), and the Mynock, ( pesky bat-like vermin that would attach to spaceship hulls and chew through power conduits to feed off the raw energy ), are said to be silicon-based organisms in Star Wars Expanded Universe sources.

Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects.

Although the unused bits were not implemented in hardware such as TLBs, the architecture required implementations to check if they are zero to ensure software compatibility with implementations that implemented a larger or the full virtual address space.

Although the fundamental group in general depends on the choice of base point, it turns out that, up to isomorphism ( actually, even up to inner isomorphism ), this choice makes no difference as long as the space X is path-connected.

Although the theory of special relativity forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and general relativity reduces to special relativity in a local sense ( in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible ), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a " recession velocity " which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light-years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light.

Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him, or to stress that even a communist agreed with the declaration.

Although it was originally planned for the corniche road along Doha Bay, Pei convinced project coordinators to build a new island to provide the needed space.

Although such flights are currently on hiatus, KSC continues to manage and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for the US government's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

Although now acclaimed and widely influential as an urban design feature, Mies had to convince Bronfman's bankers that a taller tower with significant " unused " open space at ground level would enhance the presence and prestige of the building.

Although color gamut can be expressed as three pairs of numbers, the XY coordinates within color space of the reddest red, greenest green, and bluest blue, it is usually expressed as a ratio of the total area within color space that a display can show relative to some standard such as saying that a display was " 120 % of NTSC ".

Although the FAI initially refused to recognize Gagarin's pioneering flight, it subsequently amended its position to recognize ( as the FAI website states ) that he was the " first human being to journey into outer space ".

Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale ; e. g. brain mapping, DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.

Although Schrödinger himself after a year proved the equivalence of his wave-mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, the reconciliation of the two approaches and their modern abstraction as motions in Hilbert space is generally attributed to Paul Dirac, who wrote a lucid account in his 1930 classic Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

Although and can be any space of functions, many learning algorithms are probabilistic models where takes the form of a conditional probability model, or takes the form of a joint probability model.

Although Gell-Mann believed that certain quark charges could be localized, he was open to the possibility that the quarks themselves could not be localized because space and time break down.

Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as " a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time " Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations ; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm.

Although the Sun produces Gamma rays as a result of the nuclear fusion process, these super high energy photons are converted to lower energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space.

Although it did not look at the space station specifically, over the next two years the office would become increasingly dedicated to this role.

Although the hyperfilament is constructed from " continuous pseudo-one-dimensional diamond crystal ", Clarke later expressed his belief that another type of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene, would play the role of hyperfilament in a real space elevator.

Although the prisoner survives the Skaarj, the escape pod is left to float into space, with slim hopes of being found.

Although it was dark as usual I could see that the hall had only recently contained a great many people.

Although New Orleans was not to learn of it for a spell, she also was a sadist, a nymphomaniac and unobtrusively mad -- the perpetrator of some of the worst crimes against humanity ever committed on American soil.

Although Faulkner was the heir in his own family to this tradition, he did not have Stark Young's inclination to romanticize and sentimentalize the planter society.

Although his tender nights were not the ones I dreamed of, nor was it for yachts, sports cars, tall drinks, and swimming pools, nor yet for money or what money buys that I burned, I too was burning and watching myself burn.

Although after much trouble he did manage to get it back, he discovered there was no trade to be had.

Although he did not attend any celebrated schools or universities, he was a master of Greek and Hebrew and could read the Bible in the original.

Although the fort was evacuated in the face of the force of Cornwallis, Morgan and his men did have a chance to take another swing at the redcoats.

Although because of the important achievements of nineteenth century scholars in the field of textual criticism the advance is not so striking as it was in the case of archaeology and place-names, the editorial principles laid down by Stevenson in his great edition of Asser and in his Crawford Charters were a distinct improvement upon those of his predecessors and remain unimproved upon today.

Although Mr. Brown was not himself its inventor ( it was a French idea ), it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use.

Although it was a mere fragment of the victim's remains, it was enough.

Although there were only four fluids tested, it was apparent that there were two distinct types.

Although the tape was run for over 1 hr., a steady state was not reached, and it was concluded that the reason for this was that the back pressure of the manometer was built up from the material fed from between the blocks and this was available at a very slow rate.

-- Although there was some variation in results which must be attributed either to trace impurities or to variation in wall effects, the photochemical exchange in the gas phase was sufficiently reproducible so that it seemed meaningful to compare the reaction rates in different series of reaction tubes for the purpose of obtaining information on the effect of chlorine concentration and of carbon tetrachloride concentration on the reaction rate.

Although the Taylor Scale was designed as a group testing device, in this study it was individually administered by psychologically trained workers who established rapport and assisted the children in reading the items.

Although it is the third element in the transuranic series, it was discovered fourth, after the heavier curium.

Although the Athlon was multiplier locked, crafty enthusiasts eventually discovered that a connector on the PCB of the cartridge could control the multiplier.

Although Nelson's biographer Ernle Bradford assumed in 1977 that the remains of Orient " are almost certainly unrecoverable ", the first archaeological investigation into the battle began in 1983, when a French survey team under Jacques Dumas discovered the wreck of the French flagship.

Although he is best known for discovering the dwarf planet Pluto in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as the Kuiper belt, Tombaugh also discovered many asteroids ; he also called for serious scientific research of unidentified flying objects.

Although both sides agreed that the failure to pay these royalties was an accounting mistake, they were upset that Biafra failed to inform the band of the mistake after he and his co-workers discovered it.

Although the Period takes its name from the Ediacara Hills where geologist Reg Sprigg first discovered fossils of the eponymous biota in 1946, the type section is located in the bed of the Enorama Creek within Brachina Gorge in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, at.

Although Coppola insisted that this was purely coincidental, for not only was the script for The Conversation completed in the mid-1960s ( before the election of Richard Nixon ) but the spying equipment used in the film was discovered through research and the use of technical advisers and not, as many believed, by revelatory newspaper stories about the Watergate break-in.

Although the stories of Blaine's favors to the railroads had made the rounds eight years earlier, this time Blaine's correspondence was discovered, making his earlier denials less plausible.

Although he failed to detect any parallax, thereby placing a lower limit on the distance to stars, he discovered another effect, stellar aberration, an effect which depends not on position ( as in parallax ), but on speed.

Although it is chronologically the 47th Mersenne prime to be discovered, it is less than the largest known that was the 45th to be discovered.

Although the Allies knew from their monitoring of Nazi radio broadcasts that the Germans had some new form of recording technology, the nature was not discovered until the Allies acquired captured German recording equipment as they invaded Europe in the closing of the war.

Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms as well as some nonliving entities, including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses and viroids.

Although precursors exist, the current table is generally credited to Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed it in 1869 to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then-known elements ; the layout has been refined and extended as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models developed to explain chemical behavior.

Although each particular level is credited to one runner, the ideas and techniques used are iterative and collaborative in nature, with each runner picking up tips and ideas from the others, so that speeds keep improving beyond what was thought possible as the runs are further optimized and new tricks or routes are discovered.

Although string theory had its origins in the study of quark confinement and not of quantum gravity, it was soon discovered that the string spectrum contains the graviton, and that " condensation " of certain vibration modes of strings is equivalent to a modification of the original background.

Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth.

Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1978, protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the Falklands War.

Although the manuscript tradition broke off, some of Sappho's poetry has been discovered in Egyptian papyri fragments from an earlier period, such as those found in the ancient rubbish heaps of Oxyrhynchus, where a major find brought many new but tattered verses to light, providing a major new source.

Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including " cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways ", it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a carbonized bamboo filament that could last over 1, 200 hours.

Although it was not Franklin but Rae who in 1848 discovered the last link in the much-sought-after Northwest Passage, Rae was never awarded a knighthood and died in obscurity in London.

Although they were first discovered in 1883 by the German zoologist, Franz Eilhard Schulze ( 1840-1921 ) and since the 1970s more systematically analyzed by the German protozoologist, Karl Gottlieb Grell ( 1912-1994 ), a common name does not yet exist for the taxon ; the scientific name literally means " flat animals ".