Alfonso's biological paternity is uncertain: there is speculation that his biological father may have been Enrique Puig y Moltó ( a captain of the guard ), or even an American dental student.

These programs continued until 1969, when by executive order President Richard Nixon shut down all programs related to American offensive use of biological weapons.

According to the American Psychological Association ( APA ), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that " sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors ," and that genetic factors play a " significant role " in determining a person's sexuality.

Peter Raven, past President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ), states in the foreword to their publication AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment: " We have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century.

In 2006, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) recommended that the education and training of medical psychologists, who are specifically pursuing one of several prerequisites for prescribing medication, integrate instruction in the biological sciences, clinical medicine and pharmacology into a formalized program of postdoctoral education.

" Birth of the U. S. biological warfare program " Scientific American 256: 116 – 121, 1987.

According to a 1996 statement from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, although heredity influences behavior in individuals, it does not affect the ability of a population to function in any social setting, all peoples " possess equal biological ability to assimilate any human culture " and " racist political doctrines find no foundation in scientific knowledge concerning modern or past human populations.

However, some societies explicitly incorporate people who adopt the gender role opposite to their biological sex, for example the Two-Spirit people of some indigenous American peoples.

" Scientific American " claims that its connotations may have slowed research into the biological functions of noncoding DNA.

The Centre investigated biological control for cassava pests ; two South American natural enemies Apoanagyrus lopezi ( a parasitoid wasp ) and Typhlodromalus aripo ( a predatory mite ) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively.

The hostility between the British and Native Americans after the French and Indian War led to one of the first documented attempts at biological warfare in North American history.

Flirting with Disaster is a 1996 American comedy film written and directed by David O. Russell about a young father's search for his biological parents.

The biological diversity among ancient skulls in the Americas has further complicated attempts to establish how closely Kennewick Man is related to any modern Native American tribes.

A former roadie for Winger and " Licensed New Age Healer ", he is Nancy Gribble's Native American masseur, her lover of 14 years ( the two split up during the show's fourth season ) and the biological father of Joseph Gribble.

The non-profit American Type Culture Collection and the Centers for Disease Control sold or sent biological samples of anthrax, West Nile virus and botulism to Iraq up until 1989, which Iraq claimed it needed for medical research.

For example, the Iraqi military settled on the American Type Culture Collection strain 14578 as the exclusive anthrax strain for use as a biological weapon, according to Charles Duelfer.

The Love Wife, her third novel, portrays an Asian American family with interracial parents and both biological and adopted children as " the new American family ".

The spacecraft, which carried scientific probes including cosmic ray and micrometeoroid detectors, photography equipment, and a biological payload, was a precursor to a manned circumlunar flight which the Soviets hoped could occur in December 1968, beating the American Apollo 8.

As of 2000, nuclear families with the original biological parents constituted roughly 24. 1 % of American households, compared to 40. 3 % in 1970.

Many species of Hemiptera are significant pests of crops and gardens, including many species of aphid and various scale insects, including the cottony cushion scale, a pest whose infestation of American citrus crops sparked one of the earliest biological pest control programmes, when the Australian beetle Rodolia cardinalis was introduced as a natural enemy of the scale insect.

* History of Japan's biological weapons program — The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS ).

* History of United States ' biological weapons program — The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS ).

A notable weapon developed towards the end of the American Civil War by the Union was the Spencer carbine.

The first weapon generally considered in this category is the Gatling gun, originally a carriage-mounted, crank-operated firearm with multiple rotating barrels that was fielded in the American Civil War.

* American M1919 Browning machine gun: originally chambered for. 30-06 Springfield but has since been converted to a variety of calibers ; it was used as an infantry weapon ( light and support roles ) and also mounted on a variety of vehicles, aircraft and naval platforms.

Although the new treaty called for ten more years of trade between the U. S. and the British Empire, and gave American merchants certain guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson refused to give up the potential weapon of commercial warfare against Britain and was unhappy that it did not end the hated British practice of impressment of American sailors.

The KAB-500KR is analogous to the American GBU-15 weapon.

Some former Soviet scientists said they were actually hampered by Fuchs's data, because Beria insisted that their first bomb (" Joe 1 ") should resemble the American plutonium bomb (" Fat Man ") as much as possible, even though the scientists had discovered a number of improvements and different designs for a more efficient weapon.

* In some Central American regions, the machete is believed to be the best weapon to kill the mythical cadejo.

Further use of napalm by American forces occurred in the Pacific Theater of Operations, where in 1944 and 1945, napalm was used as a tactical weapon against Japanese bunkers, pillboxes, tunnels, and other fortifications, especially on Saipan, Iwo Jima, the Philippines, and Okinawa, where deeply dug-in Japanese troops refused to surrender.

Hence, close air support of the ground troops along the border between North Korea and South Korea was vital, and the American and other U. N. aviators turned to napalm B as an important weapon for defending against communist ground attacks.

* 1958 – The American Atomic Energy Commission, with supporting military units, carries out an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site, just north of Las Vegas, Nevada.

The ( muzzle-loaded ) rifle was originally a sharpshooter's weapon used for targets of opportunity and deliberately aimed fire, first gaining notoriety in warfare during the Seven Years War and American War for Independence through their use by American frontiersmen.

They were popularized in the 1920s and 1930s as weapon of choice of American gangsters and police, in the form of the Thompson submachine gun, commonly referred to as the " Tommy Gun ".

The result, immediately apparent to Jack Ryan and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is a strategic weapon platform that is capable of sneaking its way into American waters and launching nuclear missiles with little or no warning.

During World War II, Lawrence eagerly helped to ramp up the American investigation of the possibility of a weapon utilizing nuclear fission.

Created under the supervision of Lavrentiy Beria, who sought to duplicate the American effort, this weapon was nearly identical to Fat Man, for its design was based on information provided by spies Klaus Fuchs, Theodore Hall, and David Greenglass.

The object of the game is for players to strategically move around the game board ( a mansion ), in the guise of one of the game's six characters, collecting clues from which to deduce which suspect murdered the game's perpetual victim, Dr. Black ( Mr. Boddy in North American versions ), and with which weapon and in what room.

A hydrogen balloon with a load varying from a incendiary to one antipersonnel bomb and four incendiary devices attached, they were designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean and wreak havoc on Canadian and American cities, forests, and farmland.

As a result of this both American and Soviet sites reached a state of " super hardening " involving principle defenses against the effects of a nuclear weapon — springs or a counterweight ( in the case of the R-36 ) mounted control capsules, thick ( three to four feet for the Minuteman command capsule ) heavily reinforced with rebar and steel.

It comes to represent the 1950s Cold War fear and nuclear weapon paranoia about the atomic bomb that permeated American culture.

Theodore Brewster Taylor ( July 11, 1925 – October 28, 2004 ), was a Mexican-born, American theoretical physicist and prominent nuclear weapon designer who later in life became a nuclear disarmament advocate.

In the American Civil War, the sabre was used infrequently as a weapon, but saw notable deployment in the Battle of Brandy Station and at East Cavalry Field at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

One attempt to resurrect the pike as a primary infantry weapon occurred during the American Civil War when the Confederate States of America planned to recruit twenty regiments of pikemen in 1862.