The debates among these groups resulted in numerous synods, among them the Council of Sardica in 343, the Council of Sirmium in 358 and the double Council of Rimini and Seleucia in 359, and no fewer than fourteen further creed formulas between 340 and 360, leading the pagan observer Ammianus Marcellinus to comment sarcastically: " The highways were covered with galloping bishops.

Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, circa 98 / 99.

* Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire: AD 354-378 Book XXXI

), Anatho ( Isidore Charax ), Anatha ( Ammianus Marcellinus ) by Greek and Latin writers in the early Christian centuries, Ana ( sometimes, as if plural, Anat ) by Arabic writers.

Most early writers concur in placing it on an island ; so Tukulti-Ninurta II, Assur-nasir-pal, Isidore, Ammianus Marcellinus, Ibn Serapion, al-Istakri, Abulfeda and al-Karamani.

Ammianus Marcellinus ( 325 / 330 – after 391 ) was a fourth-century Roman historian.

Scholars have often believed that Ammianus ' work was intended for public recitation for two reasons: the overwhelming presence of accentual clausulae, which implies that it was intended to be read aloud ; and epistle 1063 of Libanius to a Marcellinus of Rome which refers to public recitations.

However, virtually all major works of Greek and Latin prose possessed such clausulae ; and some scholars have rejected the identification of Libanius ' Marcellinus with Ammianus, since Marcellinus was a very common name and the tone suggests Libanius was addressing a man much younger than himself ( Ammianus was his contemporary ).

* Barnes, Timothy D. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality ( Cornell Studies in Classical Philology ).

The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus.

* Crump, Gary A. Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian.

Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian.

Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire.

Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought.

The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus.

* Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project

* Ammianus Marcellinus ' works in Latin at the Latin Library

* Ammianus Marcellinus ' works in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts

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In this context the use of Alemanni is possibly an anachronism but it reveals that Ammianus believed they were the same people, which is consistent with the location of the Alemanni of Caracalla's campaigns.

Ammianus describes Alemanni rulers with various terms: reges excelsiores ante alios (" paramount kings "), reges proximi (" neighbouring kings "), reguli (" petty kings ") and regales (" princes ").

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

" But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: " The coarse and undistinguishing pencil of Ammianus has delineated his bloody figures with tedious and disgusting accuracy.

Maenchen-Helfen writes: " Ammianus ' description begins with a strange misunderstanding ...

Even Julian's intellectual friends and fellow pagans were of a divided mind about this habit of talking to his subjects on an equal footing: Ammianus Marcellinus saw in that only the foolish vanity of someone " excessively anxious for empty distinction ", whose " desire for popularity often led him to converse with unworthy persons ".

Ammianus Marcellinus in history, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus in oratory, and Ausonius and Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in poetry all wrote with great talent.

He responds by sending the ageing general Frigeridus with elite reinforcements that Ammianus calls ‘ Pannonian and Transalpine auxiliaries ( Pannonicis et Transalpinis auxiliis ).’ Gratian sends also Richomeres, his Frankish commander of household troops ( comes domesticorum ), at the head of a number of troops drawn from the Gallic field army.

* Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Pantheon as being " rounded like the boundary of the horizon and vaulted with a beautiful loftiness ".

His election caused considerable surprise, and it is suggested by Ammianus Marcellinus that he was wrongly identified with another Jovianus, chief notary ( primicerius notariorum ), whose name also had been put forward, or that during the acclamations the soldiers mistook the name Jovianus for Julianus, and imagined that the latter had recovered from his illness.

Combined with the knowledge of Irish raids on the coast of Britain in the late Roman period, it was suggested that one group of raiders had stayed to become the historically attested people mentioned by Ammianus.

In the 4th century they were still described by Ammianus Marcellinus as the scourge of the neighbouring provinces of Asia Minor, with a major series of raids occurring from AD 404 to 409, including one campaign to eradicate them led by the Eastern Roman general Arbazacius, but they were said to have been effectually subdued in the reign of Justinian I.

Ammianus Marcellinus remarked in his memoirs that members of the Pushtigban were able to impale two Roman soldiers on their spears at once with a single furious charge.

This practice contrasts with evidence of cremation among the Chionites in Ammianus and with remains found by excavators of the European Huns and remains in some deposits ascribed to the Chionites in Central Asia.

This use of multiple capstans is also described by Ammianus Marcellinus ( 17. 4. 15 ) in connection with the lifting of the Lateranense obelisk in the Circus Maximus ( ca.

From an ethnic point of view, Roman authors associated blond and reddish hair with the Gauls and the Germans: e. g., Virgil describes the hair of the Gauls as " golden " ( aurea caesaries ), Tacitus wrote that " the Germans have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames "; in accordance with Ammianus, almost all the Gauls were " of tall stature, fair and ruddy ".

He was the first editor of the Letters of Cassiodorus, with his Treatise on the Soul ( 1538 ); and his edition of Ammianus Marcellinus ( 1533 ) contains five books more than any former one.

The most detailed account of Mangonel use is from “ Eric Marsden's translation of a text written by Ammianus Marcellius in the 4th Century AD ” describing its construction and combat usage.

Contemporary historian Ammianus Marcellinus recounts him as a " most warlike man " who " ruled over extensively wide and fertile regions ".

According to Ammianus, Ermanaric is " a most warlike king " who eventually commits suicide, facing the aggression of the Alani and of the Huns, who invaded his territories in the 370s.

The most detailed source for the life of Maximus is Eunapius in his Lives of the Sophists, but he is also referred to by Ammianus Marcellinus, the emperor Julian, and Libanius.

Ammianus Marcellinus reckons Athribis among the most considerable cities of the Nile Delta, in the fourth century AD.