The debates among these groups resulted in numerous synods, among them the Council of Sardica in 343, the Council of Sirmium in 358 and the double Council of Rimini and Seleucia in 359, and no fewer than fourteen further creed formulas between 340 and 360, leading the pagan observer Ammianus Marcellinus to comment sarcastically: " The highways were covered with galloping bishops.

Although Dio is the earliest writer to mention them, Ammianus Marcellinus used the name to refer to Germans on the Limes Germanicus in the time of Trajan's governorship of the province shortly after it was formed, circa 98 / 99.

* Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire: AD 354-378 Book XXXI

), Anatho ( Isidore Charax ), Anatha ( Ammianus Marcellinus ) by Greek and Latin writers in the early Christian centuries, Ana ( sometimes, as if plural, Anat ) by Arabic writers.

Most early writers concur in placing it on an island ; so Tukulti-Ninurta II, Assur-nasir-pal, Isidore, Ammianus Marcellinus, Ibn Serapion, al-Istakri, Abulfeda and al-Karamani.

Ammianus Marcellinus ( 325 / 330 – after 391 ) was a fourth-century Roman historian.

Scholars have often believed that Ammianus ' work was intended for public recitation for two reasons: the overwhelming presence of accentual clausulae, which implies that it was intended to be read aloud ; and epistle 1063 of Libanius to a Marcellinus of Rome which refers to public recitations.

However, virtually all major works of Greek and Latin prose possessed such clausulae ; and some scholars have rejected the identification of Libanius ' Marcellinus with Ammianus, since Marcellinus was a very common name and the tone suggests Libanius was addressing a man much younger than himself ( Ammianus was his contemporary ).

* Barnes, Timothy D. Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality ( Cornell Studies in Classical Philology ).

The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus.

* Crump, Gary A. Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian.

Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire.

Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought.

The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus.

* Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project

* Ammianus Marcellinus ' works in Latin at the Latin Library

* Ammianus Marcellinus ' works in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts

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Historian Ammianus Marcellinus gives a detailed description about these unjust trials in the 28th book of his work.

Ammianus relates ( xvii. 1. 11 ) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main ( Latin Menus ), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees.

In this context the use of Alemanni is possibly an anachronism but it reveals that Ammianus believed they were the same people, which is consistent with the location of the Alemanni of Caracalla's campaigns.

His rule is recorded is Ammianus XXIII 1, 3.

Ammianus calls it a munimentum, Theophylactus Simocatta to ' Anathon frourion, Zosimus a frourion, opp.

A bust of Emperor Constantius II from Syria. Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes.

Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II ( and possibly Julian the Apostate ) in Gaul and Persia.

When Ursicinus lost his office and the favour of Constantius, Ammianus seems to have shared his downfall ; but under Julian, Constantius's successor, he regained his position.

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

Edward Gibbon judged Ammianus " an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary.

" But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: " The coarse and undistinguishing pencil of Ammianus has delineated his bloody figures with tedious and disgusting accuracy.

It is a striking fact that Ammianus, though a professional soldier, gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like Livy and Tacitus ; his digressions on the various countries he had visited are particularly interesting.

Ammianus ' work contains a detailed description of the tsunami in Alexandria which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July 365.

The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in M, another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century.

Marcellinus documented that Theodorus was, with many others, implicated by the use of torture, and cruelly punished.

Though pagan, Marcellinus was mostly tolerant of Christians.

The 4th century historian Ammianus Marcellinus, relying on a lost work by Timagenes, a historian writing in the 1st century BC, writes that the Druids of Gaul said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands.

* Rolfe, J. C., trans, Ammianus Marcellinus.

Neither of the main ancient sources for this period, Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus, mention the Bastarnae in their accounts of the 4th century, possibly implying the loss of their separate identity, presumably subsumed into the neighbouring Sarmatians or Goths.

* Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae ( ca.

Ammianus Marcellinus rated this reverse with the most serious military disasters of the Roman Empire to his time: Varus ' defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the incursions of the Marcomanni during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, and the Battle of Adrianople.

* Ammianus Marcellinus.

3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus ' History.

Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter on the Via Labicana.