These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Appointed in 1868, Price had already recommended to the university that the Press needed an efficient executive officer to exercise " vigilant superintendence " of the business, including its dealings with Alexander Macmillan, who became the publisher for Oxford's printing in 1863 and in 1866 helped Price to create the Clarendon Press series of cheap, elementary schoolbooks – perhaps the first time that Oxford used the Clarendon imprint.

Reverend John Curwen, who became pastor of the church at Plaistow in 1844 and started his printing business in Plaistow in 1863.

In 1863, the first periodical Кубанские войсковые ведомсти-Kubanskiye voiskovye vedomsti began printing, and two years later the host's library was opened in Yekaterinodar.

File: Grimm. jpg | Brothers Grimm ( 1785 – 1863 & 1786 – 1859 )

File: Royal Coat of Arms of Greece. svg | Hercules as heraldic supporters in the royal arms of Greece, in use 1863 – 1973.

Ainu people | Ainu, an ethnic minority people from Japan ( between 1863 and early 1870s ).

Photographed in 1863 – Peter, a man who was enslaved in Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

The Battle of Jackson, Mississippi | Battle of Jackson, fought on 14 May 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign.

Óleo sobre lienzo, 130 x 225 cm ). jpg | Birth of Venus ( 1863 ) by Alexandre Cabanel

Image: Abraham Lincoln November 1863. jpg | President Abraham Lincoln of Illinois

Edward and Alexandra of Denmark | Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863

File: Joan of Arc by Rossetti. jpg | Joan of Arc kissing the " Sword of Liberation ;" painting by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1863

Image: Manet, Edouard-Olympia, 1863. jpg | Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863

* 1863: Le Captaine Fracasse | Romans et contes

* 1863: De profundis morpionibus | Gautier preferred to keep that satirical work anonymous

File: Holy Ttinity Church in Ulan Bator. jpg | Holy Trinity Church, built near the old Russian Consulate of 1863.

Image: JapaneseMissionAndNadarSon. JPG | Nadar's son, photographed by Nadar with members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1863.

File: StJohn ' sCollegeChapel1. jpg | Looking east, St. John's College Chapel, Cambridge ( 1863 – 69 )

Union troops swarm Battle of Missionary Ridge | Missionary Ridge and defeat Bragg's army during the Battle of Missionary Ridge, 1863

Image: Eve of St Agnes. jpg | The Eve of Saint Agnes ( 1863 ) HM The Queen

Porters at a ford on the Sakawa River, near Odawara, Kanagawa | Odawara, Japan, by Felice Beato, between 1863 and 1885.

Engraving by James E. Kelly ( artist ) | James E. Kelly of George G. Meade and the Council of War at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863.

Lord Palmerston Addressing the House of Commons During the Debates on the Cobden – Chevalier Treaty | Treaty of France in February 1860, as painted by John Phillip ( 1863 ).

: | | | | | | | | | | | Maribyrnong 1863

* was a broadside ironclad frigate launched in 1863.

* HMS Minotaur ( 1863 ), lead ship in her class of broadside ironclad warships and known as Elephant during construction.

During the summer of 1863, he commanded the broadside ironclad on blockade duty off Charleston, South Carolina and the following August assumed command of Federal forces in the North Carolina sounds.

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and put into effect on January 1, 1863, declared free the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas already under Union control in two states.

By December 1863 a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery absolutely was brought to Congress for passage.

He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his actions at Antietam and was promoted in March 1863 to major general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862.

On a trip to Washington, with a final plea for help in East Tennessee in early 1863, he gave a speech in Indianapolis, saying: " If the institution of slavery denies the government the right of agitation, and seeks to overthrow it, then the government has a clear right to destroy it.

Ned Cuthbert, playing for the Philadelphia Keystones in either 1863 or 1865, is documented as the first baseball player to steal a base in a baseball game, although the term stolen base was not used until 1871.

An 1865 San Francisco Pacific Railroad Bond approved in 1863 but delayed for two years by the opposition of the San Francisco Board of SupervisorsAlthough the Pacific Railroad eventually benefited the Bay Area, the City and County of San Francisco obstructed financing it during the early years of 1863-1865.

When Stanford was Governor of California, the Legislature passed on April 22, 1863, " An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto " ( which was later amended by Section Five of the " Compromise Act " of April 4, 1864 ).

It reopened for the third time in 1863 following a reorganization which also brought upon the school's first name change to " The Governors of Dalhousie College and University.

In 1863, the college reopened for its third time and was reorganized by another legislative act, which also added the word university into the school's name, changed to " The Governors of Dalhousie College and University.

The governance of the university is conducted through the Board of Governors and the Senate, both of which were given much of their present powers in the Unofficial Consolidation of an Act for the Regulation and Support of Dalhousie College in Chapter 24 of the Acts of 1863.

The first few chapters of the novel, dealing with the discovery of Erewhon, are in fact based on Butler's own experiences in New Zealand where, as a young man, he worked as a sheep farmer on Mesopotamia Station for about four years ( 1860 – 1864 ) and explored parts of the interior of the South Island of which he wrote about in his A First Year in Canterbury Settlement ( 1863 ).

Huxley argued for human evolution from apes by illustrating many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, and did so particularly in his 1863 book Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature.

* " Speech at National Hall, Philadelphia July 6, 1863 for the Promotion of Colored Enlistments "

In 1863, in response to high prices for Indian saltpeter, DuPont chemists developed a process using potash or mined potassium chloride to convert plentiful Chilean sodium nitrate to potassium nitrate.

The date of his birth remained in doubt for some time and was estimated sometime between 1863 and 1873.

Indium was discovered in 1863 and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence in zinc ores, as a new and unknown element.

* 1863 – American Civil War: Governor of Massachusetts John Albion Andrew receives permission from Secretary of War to raise a militia organization for men of African descent.

* 1960 – The Nez Perce tribe is awarded $ 4 million for of land undervalued at 4 cents / acre in the 1863 treaty.

* 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Arkansas Post – General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.

Starting in January 1863, he returned to the Boston Museum for a series of plays, including the role of the villain Duke Pescara in The Apostate that won acclaim from audiences and critics.

Initially calling their venture Dramatic Oil ( later renaming it Fuller Farm Oil ), the partners invested in a site along the Allegheny River at Franklin, Pennsylvania, in late 1863 for drilling.

In April 1863, food shortages led to rioting in Richmond, as poor people robbed and looted numerous stores for food until Davis cracked down and restored order.

Kagoshima was bombarded by the British Royal Navy in 1863 to punish the daimyō of Satsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson on the Tōkaidō highway the previous year and its refusal to pay an indemnity in compensation.

* Daniel Gooch, who designed and built 22 outside-cylinder 2-4-0 locomotives for the line in 1863.

* 1900 – American Civil War: Sergeant William Harvey Carney is awarded the Medal of Honor, for his heroism in the Assault on the Battery Wagner in 1863.