The CTCA program of activities was profuse: William Farnum and Mary Pickford on the screen, Elsie Janis and Harry Lauder on the stage, books provided by the American Library Association, full equipment for games and sports -- except that no `` bones '' were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as `` African golf ''.

# REDIRECT African American

* 1864 – American Civil War: The Fort Pillow massacre: Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.

Harvesting Freedom: African American Agrarianism in Civil War Era South Carolina ( 2007 )

Black sign language is influenced by African American English ( AAE ).

Remaining steadfast to his pedagogy, a forerunner of progressive and democratic schooling, he alienated parents in a later " parlor school " by admitting an African American child to the class, whom he then refused to expel in the face of protests.

It has had particular influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic African American spiritual.

He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse not written by Newton that had been passed down orally in African American communities for at least 50 years.

Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the " dangers, toils, and snares " of Newton's words are a " universal testimony " of the African American experience.

In the 1960s with the African American Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone.

* 1968 – James Anderson, Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U. S. Marine.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in the same genus ; subsequently they were separated into two different genera.

The key question is whether Linnaeus's type was a South African plant or a South American plant.

* 1910 – Vivien Thomas, African American surgeon ( d. 1985 )

* 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

African American Vernacular English | AAVE-influenced non-rhotic pronunciations may be African American Vernacular English | found among African Americans throughout the country.

The loss of syllable-final r in North America is confined mostly to the accents of eastern New England, New York City and surrounding areas and the coastal portions of the South, and African American Vernacular English.

African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes ) are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.

* 1831 – Nat Turner's slave rebellion commences just after midnight in Southampton County, Virginia, leading to the deaths of more than 50 whites and several hundred African Americans who are killed in retaliation for the uprising.

She makes the argument that grouping all people of African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendents, in addition to denying black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

Together with earlier arrivals to the United States ( including the indigenous American Indians, Hispanic and Latino Americans, particularly in the West, Southwest, and Texas ; African Americans who came to the United States in the Atlantic slave trade ; and early colonial migrants from Britain, France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere ), these new waves of immigrants had a pro profound impact on national or regional cuisine.

John the Conqueror was an African prince who was sold as a slave in the Americas.

This new identity was based on African ancestry and slave status rather than any one ethnic group.

In Northeastern Brazil and among the diaspora of its population in other Brazilian regions, cuzcuz ( locally, in Rio de Janeiro, in São Paulo ), a steamed cake of couscous and corn flour ( a mixture called fubá, pronounced, said to be of African origin from the slave trade ), is a popular meal, served in many forms: With sugar and milk, with varied meats, with cheese and eggs, and so on.

The word has come to refer to historical mass-dispersions of people with common roots, particularly movements of an involuntary nature, such as the expulsion of Jews from the Middle East, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the southern Chinese during the coolie slave trade, or the century-long exile of the Messenians under Spartan rule.

On June 2, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies ( meaning the Caribbean ) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America.

Category: African slave trade

The local African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the African slave trade, had no interest in allowing the Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading takes place.

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the African slave trade, centuries old in Africa, was not yet the major feature of the coastal economy of Guinea.

The local African rulers in Guinea, who prosper greatly from the slave trade, have no interest in allowing the Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading takes place.

Micki McElya, in her book, Clinging to Mammy, suggests the myth of the faithful slave, in the figure of mammy, lingers because white Americans wish to live in a world where African Americans are not angry over the injustice of slavery.

* Dilcey: Pork's wife, a slave woman of mixed Indian and African descent.

The labor for these plantations was provided by an estimated 790, 000 African slaves ( accounting in 1783-91 for a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade ).

First-generation gens de couleur were typically the offspring of a male, French slaveowner and an African slave chosen as a concubine.

The first influences of African American Culture into hymns came from Slave Songs of the United States a collection of slave hymns complied by William Francis Allen who had difficulty pinning them down from the oral tradition, and though he succeeded, he points out the awe inspiring effect of the hymns when sung in by their originators.

Henry was 21 when he, his father and brothers captured the Moorish port of Ceuta in northern Morocco, that had long been a base for Barbary pirates who raided the Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be sold in the African slave market.

The first contacts with the African slave market were made by expeditions to ransom Portuguese subjects enslaved by pirate attacks on Portuguese ships or villages.

From the late 15th century, Europeans and Arabs took slaves from West, Central and Southeast Africa overseas in the African slave trade.

Mather, a prominent Boston minister, had heard a description of the African practice of inoculation from his Sudanese slave, Onesimus, in 1706, but had been previously unable to convince local physicians to attempt the procedure.

The cultivation of sugar cane and coffee by African slave labour made Jamaica one of the most valuable possessions in the world for more than 150 years.

* 1839 – Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinqué take over the slave ship Amistad.