Castrén's Altaic is thus equivalent to what later came to be known as Ural – Altaic.

More precisely, Ural – Altaic came to subgroup Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic as " Uralic " and Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic as " Altaic ", with Korean sometimes added to Altaic, and less often Japanese.

For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, many linguists who studied Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic regarded them as members of a common Ural – Altaic family, together with Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, based on such shared features as vowel harmony and agglutination.

While the Ural – Altaic hypothesis can still be found in encyclopedias, atlases, and similar general references, it has not had any adherents in the linguistics community for decades.

In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding Japanese to Altaic or more precisely to Ural – Altaic.

He rejected the Ural – Altaic hypothesis, included Korean in Altaic, an inclusion followed by most leading Altaicists to date.

Various linguists have seen these North Eurasian languages as part of: < ul >< li > a Ural – Altaic language family ( popular until 1960s )</ li >< li > a Uralic and an Altaic family ( Anna V. Dybo | Dybo, Roy Andrew Miller | Miller, Nicholas Poppe | Poppe )</ li >< li > separate Uralic, Turkic languages | Turkic and Mongolian language | Mongolian families ( Gerard Clauson | Clauson, Gerhard Doerfer | Doerfer, Stefan Georg | Georg )</ li >< li > a Eurasiatic or Nostratic macrofamily ( Joseph Greenberg | Greenberg, Sergei Starostin | Starostin, Allan Bomhard | Bomhard )</ li ></ ul >

Taiga forest near Saranpaul in the northeast Ural Mountains, Khanty – Mansia, Russia.

* Estonian sina / Finnish sinä ( singular you ) and Turkish sen ( singular you ) ( see also: Ural – Altaic languages )

All the machinery and equipment – right down to the window frames and bathroom fixtures – was dismantled and shipped to a site near the Ural mountains.

Europe is relatively contained from the rest of Eurasia – i. e., Asia to the east – by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea.

The modern Russian name for the Urals ( Урал, Ural ), first appearing in the 16th – 17th century when the Russian expansion into Siberia was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century.

Ural – Altaic or Uralo-Altaic is a language-family proposal uniting the Uralic and Altaic languages.

Two contrasting language families were thereby formed, but the similarities between them led to their retention in a common grouping, named Ural – Altaic.

The Ural – Altaic family was widely accepted by linguists who studied Uralic and Altaic until well into the 20th century.

In his Altaic Etymological Dictionary, co-authored with Anna V. Dybo and Oleg A. Mudrak, Sergei Starostin characterized the Ural – Altaic hypothesis as " an idea now completely discarded " ( 2003: 8 ).

Angela Marcantonio ( 2002 ) argues that the Finno-Permic and Ugric languages are no more closely related to each other than either is to Turkic, thereby positing a grouping very similar to Ural – Altaic or indeed to Castrén's original Altaic proposal.

In other words, showing genetic relationship does not suffice to establish a language family, such as the proposed Ural – Altaic family ; it is also necessary to consider the family tree of the languages concerned to determine which language goes where.

In addition, regular sound changes from Proto-Ural – Altaic to give Proto-Uralic and Proto-Altaic words should be found to demonstrate the existence of a Ural – Altaic vocabulary.

The vowel-harmony argument has sometimes been used to justify the necessity of a Ural – Altaic family, but vowel harmony is found in other nearby languages as well, including Chukchi and Nivkh, as well as in various languages of Africa and the Americas.

Ethnological and Linguistical Aspects of the Ural – Altaic Hypothesis.

Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed-Rheic Ocean ( closed by the assembly of South and North America ), the small, shallow Ural Ocean ( which was closed by the collision of Baltica and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains ) and Proto-Tethys Ocean ( closed by North China collision with Siberia / Kazakhstania ).

Europe is now generally defined by geographers as the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, with its boundaries marked by large bodies of water to the north, west and south ; Europe's limits to the far east are usually taken to be the Urals, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea ; to the south-east, including the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

However Wever's vision of a " Ural " bomber was never realised, and his emphasis on strategic aerial operations was lost, with the only design submittal for Wever's ' Bomber A ' that would reach production being Heinkel's Projekt 1041, which became officially known on November 5, 1937 as the Heinkel He 177.

The absence of a strategic bomber force for the Luftwaffe, following General Wever's accidental death in 1936 and the end of the Ural bomber program he fostered before the invasion of Poland, would not be addressed again until the authorization of the Bomber B design competition in July 1939, which sought to replace the medium bomber force with which the Luftwaffe was to begin the war, with more advanced, twin-engined high speed bomber aircraft fitted with pairs of relatively " high-power " engines of 1, 500 kW ( 2, 000 hp ) output levels and upwards each, that would also be able to function as shorter range heavy bombers.

It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmen mountains of Russia, in Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico ; Flinders Island, Australia ; Nigeria and the United States.

The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and Ural economic region.

In 1845, Murchison, who had according to Encyclopædia Britannica " compiled the first geologic map of the Urals in 1841 ", published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains with de Verneuil and Keyserling.

The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges though flattened or rounded tops are also found.

The Nether-Polar Ural is wider, up to and higher than the Polar Ural, with the highest peaks of the Mount Narodnaya, the Mount Karpinsky ( Urals )) and the Manaraga ).

The Northern Ural consists of a series of parallel ridges with the height up to and longitudinal depressions.

The Central Ural is the lowest part of Urals, with the highest mountain at ( Basegi ) and smooth mountain tops ; it extends south from the Ufa River.

The relief of Southern Ural is more complex, with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directed south-west and meridionally.

Atyrau ( together with Aktau ) is Kazakhstan's main harbour city on the Caspian Sea at the delta of the Ural River.

The Mississippi and Ural River deltas, with their bird's-feet, are examples of rivers that do not avulse often enough to form a symmetrical fan shape.

Small populations also in Ryfylke, Scotland, and the Ural Mountains, with another subspecies in the mountains of Northern America.

Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak Russian as their first language ( in cities such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Tashkent, Almaty, and cities of the Ural and western Siberia ) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora.

These travelers, encountering Bashkir tribes in the upper parts of the Ural River, called them Pascatir or Bastarci, and asserted that they spoke the same language as the Hungarians.

In particular, such a conclusion formerly led linguists to propose the so-called Ural – Altaic language family which would ( in the largest scope ever proposed ) include Uralic and Turkic languages as well as Mongolian, Korean and Japanese.

The Uralic language community was founded in the late Stone Age in the Ural region.

A common Proto-Ugric language is posited to have been spoken from the end of the 3rd millennium BC until the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in Western Siberia, east from the southern Ural mountains.

For example, it has been suggested that the Turanian or Ural – Altaic language group, which relates Sami and other languages to the Mongolian language, was used to justify racism towards the Sami in particular.

Experts in Komi language noticed that this element is also in names of other rivers in Ural.

The formation of the Hungarian language occurred around this time ( between 1000 BC and 500 BC ) and can be localized to the southern regions of the Ural Mountains.

* One view states that the Magyar Urheimat is the same as the Ugric language group's urheimat on the western side of the Ural Mountains.

It is believed that the Magyars emerged from this western Ural Urheimat, based upon early language influence from Permic peoples.

The first Tatar mass-media appeared during this period with the publication of Tatar language newspapers such as " Yoldız ", " Waqıt ", " Azat ", " Azat xalıq ", " İrek ", " Tañ yoldızı ", " Nur ", " Fiker ", " Ural ", " Qazan möxbire ", " Älğäsrelcädid ", " Şura ", " Añ ", and " Mäktäp ".

Very many language stocks in Asia are without doubt related to the Indo-Germanic one ; this is perhaps valid for all those languages which have been characterized as Ural – Altaic.

In Turkey, Hungarian and Turkish are still considered as two branches of the same language family, the Ural – Altaic.