He popularised the term ' elective dictatorship ' in 1976, later writing a detailed exposition, The Dilemma of Democracy.

The combined effect of the Prime Minister's ability to control Cabinet by circumventing effective discussion in Cabinet and the executive's ability to dominate parliamentary proceedings places the British Prime Minister in a position of great power, that has been likened to an elective dictatorship ( a phrase coined by Lord Hailsham in 1976 ).

It is similar in form to Lord Hailsham's claim that in Britain there is an " elective dictatorship ".

Hailsham borrowed the expression " elective dictatorship " to describe this situation in which control of the Commons ( and thus of Parliament ) by the government is actually weak.

:* Dictator: installed by foreign power elective dictatorship + willing subjects ( elective tyranny )

Ecuador has also been an elective member of the UN Security Council.

Waiting times, which have already fallen considerably under Blair ( median wait time is about 6 weeks for elective non-urgent surgery ) are also in focus.

There are also elective monarchies where ultimate power is vested in a monarch, but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election.

The Visigothic monarchy took on a completely elective character with the fall of the Balti, but the monarchy remained Arian until Reccared I converted in 587 ( Hermenegild had also converted earlier ).

There may also be an elective summer session and / or a short January session.

There was also an elective element: when the king died, his designated heir, generally but not always the eldest son, had first to be accepted by the council and then presented to the general Assembly to be acclaimed king and obtain the oath of fidelity.

He also suggests that the position of king should be elective.

JP Stevens High School also offers Hindi as an elective language for students that are interested in learning it.

Students are also required to take two theology courses, two philosophy courses, as well as an elective in one of these two areas.

Near the end of the war, Canada, Soviet Russia, Germany, and Poland also recognized women's right to participate in the elective franchise.

This is meant to enrich students understanding of physics, and allow for more detail to be taught in subsequent high school biology, and chemistry classes ; it also aims to increase the number of students who go on to take 12th grade physics or AP Physics, which are generally elective courses in American high schools.

Trade associations also offer elective group purchasing plans.

Though the meeting at Båhus Castle forged historic ties to the old elective monarchy in Norway, the acclamation documents created by the Council of the Realm stipulated that Haakon was to rule over only parts of Norway, and it was also carefully documented that if he would die without a legitimate son the Norwegian Law of Succession would apply, thereby ensuring that the hereditary monarchy would be upheld in Norway.

He urged readers to view with contempt anyone who had " openly rebelled against God's order or commandments " and also described elective elders of the 1930s who refused to submit to Watch Tower Society administrative changes as " despicable ".

A short-lived autonomous monarchy during World War II, the Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia also was an elective monarchy.

The Empire of Haiti, established in 1804, was also elective.

It is also used to humorously refer to any non-academic elective course, specifically one that does not count towards any graduation requirements.

The curriculum is typically structured around preliminary, core / intermediate and advanced courses, and most universities also offer elective coursework.

Some universities also require that students complete an experience based course (" Practical Legal Studies " / " Law clinic "); a credit comprising independent research exclusively is often offered as an elective, and at some universities is a degree requirement.

This measure does not concern the dignity of Roman Emperor, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, which remained elective, although the Archduke of Austria was also Holy Roman Emperor for centuries.

All ministers had to be called by the word of prophecy to their place ; this was still elective, in that frequent opportunity was given to present oneself as willing to take on a role in the ministry, and also that any direct call could be refused, though in practice this was extremely rare.

* Wednesday 24 January 1996: Dated 22 January, the report of the International Body on arms decommissioning ( also known as the Mitchell Report ) set out the six " Mitchell Principles " under which parties could enter into all-party talks, and suggested a number of confidence building measures, including an " elective process ".

Friedrich IV ’ s son, Friedrich V was elected King of Bohemia – Bohemia was an elective monarchy – but soon ran afoul of the forces arrayed against him, notably the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Emperor himself, and not only was he forced to flee Bohemia in the face of these forces after only a year on the Bohemian throne ( earning himself the derisive nickname “ Winter King ”), but he also saw to it that the Electorate of the Palatinate, too, was gripped in the throes of the Thirty Years ' War.

The hereditary system, whatever its logical defects, does produce some people of independent opinions and also some who are much younger than the normal run of middle-aged legislators ... My guess is that after achieving stage one, which would involve a great deal of parliamentary time and much controversy, a Labour Cabinet would rest on its oars and postpone for many years any plans for an elective chamber.

The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a rzeczpospolita, based on res publica.

In some U. S. States, informed consent laws ( sometimes called " Right To Know " laws ) require that a woman seeking an elective abortion be given factual information by the abortion provider about her legal rights, alternatives to abortion ( such as adoption ), available public and private assistance, and medical facts ( some of which are disputed — see fetal pain ), before the abortion is performed ( usually 24 hours in advance of the abortion ).

Subjects covered in her books include autism, Tourette syndrome, sexual abuse, fetal alcohol syndrome, and elective mutism ( now called selective mutism ), her specialty.

The Holy Roman Empire is perhaps the best-known example of a elective monarchy ( although it eventually became unofficially hereditary ); after the 15th century, the emperor was elected by a small council of nobles called prince-electors from within the Hapsburg family.

Significant progress was achieved, and a haemoglobin-based oxygen therapeutic called Hemopure was approved for Phase III trial ( in elective orthopedic surgery ) in the U. S., and more widely approved for human use in South Africa.

He currently teaches an elective course he designed called " Building and Sustaining a Successful Enterprise ", which teaches managers how to build and manage an enduring, successful company or transform an existing organization.

Northrop has, along with all Indiana public high schools, adopted a credit system called " Core 40 ", requiring 40 credits ( four years of English, three years of Math, Social Studies, and Science, and ten to twelve elective credits, plus two semesters of Physical Education, and a credit in Health Education ).

In 1980, a study by Torey Hayden identified what she called four " subtypes " of elective mutism, although this set of subtypes is not in current diagnostic use.

The technique of selecting only one embryo to transfer to the woman is called elective-Single Embryo Transfer ( e-SET ) or, when embryos are at the blastocyst stage, it can also be called elective single blastocyst transfer ( eSBT ).

Beldiman's hostility to the monarchy was reflected in one of the 15 objectives set by the second series ' first issue, whereby Adevărul called for an elective monarchy with magistratures reserved for locals, and evident in having chosen for the paper's motto a quote from poet Vasile Alecsandri, which read: Să te feresci, Române !, de cuiŭ strein în casă (" Romanians, beware of foreign nails in your house ", an allusion to Carol's German origin ).

The elective share is usually calculated from assets beyond those in the probate estate alone, and the assets that are added together to make this calculation are called an augmented estate.

When Sir James Mitchell, as he is now called, departed elective politics the Hon.

This called for new, undeveloped humanities, physical education, foreign language, and elective programs to be created and implemented.

In a traditional 401 ( k ) plan, introduced by Congress in 1978, employees contribute pre-tax earnings to their retirement plan, also called " elective deferrals ".

While required courses ( sometimes called " core courses ") are deemed essential for an academic degree, elective courses tend to be more specialized.

In addition to traditional academic studies, the school's curriculum involves in-depth elective study of the performing, literary, visual arts, as well as film studies ( called " moving image arts " at the school ).