Kant investigated the way that empirical a posteriori concepts are created.

* A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is known by experience ( that is, it is empirical, or arrived at afterward ).

A posteriori physicalism holds physicalism as a necessary truth known a posteriori, i. e., known through empirical observation.

Kripke also raised the prospect of a posteriori necessities — facts that are necessarily true, though they can be known only through empirical investigation.

Philosophers dub knowledge based on experience " empirical knowledge " or " a posteriori knowledge ".

" Water is H < sub > 2 </ sub > O " is an identity claim that is known to be true a posteriori ( i. e., it was discovered via empirical investigation ).

This is done by invoking rightness and wrongness to explain certain empirical phenomena, and then discovering a posteriori whether maximizing utility occupies the relevant explanatory role.

The matter is an empirical one, which the citizen must investigate a posteriori.

The pure a priori intuition of space and time is the basis of empirical a posteriori intuition.

The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.

Moseley's outstanding contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.

During the 19th century, Karl Marx extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity ( practice, including labor ) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity ( see materialist conception of history ).

He argued that modern philosophies legitimized their truth-claims not ( as they themselves claimed ) on logical or empirical grounds, but rather on the grounds of accepted stories ( or " metanarratives ") about knowledge and the world — comparing these with Wittgenstein's concept of language-games.

The first to challenge the concept of race on empirical grounds were anthropologists Franz Boas, who demonstrated phenotypic plasticity due to environmental factors, and Ashley Montagu who relied on evidence from genetics.

However, according to Galileo, the core of what came to be known as the scientific method in modern physical sciences is stated in his book Il Saggiatore to be the concept of a systematic, mathematical interpretation of experiments and empirical facts:

The concept of a theorem is therefore fundamentally deductive, in contrast to the notion of a scientific theory, which is empirical.

Nevertheless, while the basic concept of empirical verification is simple, in practice, there are difficulties as described in the following sections.

In a 1999 response to Malkiel, Lo and McKinlay collected empirical papers that questioned the hypothesis ' applicability that suggested a non-random and possibly predictive component to stock price movement, though they were careful to point out that rejecting random walk does not necessarily invalidate EMH, which is an entirely separate concept from RWH.

There has been some empirical research looking at whether, as the concept of " incubation " in Wallas ' model implies, a period of interruption or rest from a problem may aid creative problem-solving.

And the economic approaches which seem best suited to capture the empirical data are those based on the concept of hedonic adaptation.

Further empirical work has highlighted the impact transaction costs have on the concept of market efficiency, with much evidence suggesting that any anomalies pertaining to market inefficiencies are the result of a cost benefit analysis made by those willing to incur the cost of acquiring the valuable information in order to trade on it.

First formalized by Professor William Farish ( 1759 – 1837 ), the concept of an isometric had existed in a rough empirical form for centuries.

There is no empirical support for the concept of orgone in medicine or the physical sciences, and research into the concept ceased with the end of the Institute.

* Carl Hempel, Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science, 1952, vol. 2 n. 7

The biopsychosocial paradigm is also a technical term for the popular concept of the " mind – body connection ", which addresses more philosophical arguments between the biopsychosocial and biomedical models, rather than their empirical exploration and clinical application.

Communal reinforcement is a social phenomenon in which a concept or idea is repeatedly asserted in a community, regardless of whether sufficient empirical evidence has been presented to support it.

Dr. Frederic Luskin's work is based on seven major research projects into the effects of forgiveness, giving empirical validity to the concept that forgiveness is not only powerful, but also excellent for your health.

introduced the concept of the " rumor bomb " as a response to the widespread empirical phenomenon of rumoresque communication in contemporary relations between media and politics, especially within the complex convergence of multiple forms of media, from cell phones and internet, to radio, TV, and print.

A central concept in modern science and the scientific method is that all evidence must be empirical, or empirically based, that is, dependent on evidence or consequences that are observable by the senses.

Parsons recognizes this, stating that he treats " the structure of the system as problematic and subject to change ," and that his concept of the tendency towards equilibrium " does not imply the empirical dominance of stability over change.

Leach's ( 1966 ) critique came in the form of the classical Malinowskian argument, pointing out that " in Evans-Pritchard's studies of the Nuer and also in Fortes's studies of the Tallensi unilineal descent turns out to be largely an ideal concept to which the empirical facts are only adapted by means of fictions.

The importance of this concept transcends almost all aspects of everyday life: with empirical studies in social and developmental psychology exploring perceived intentionality ’ s role as a mediator for aggression, relationship conflict, judgments of responsibility blame or punishment

The purpose set forth at the beginning of this book was first to introduce the reader to a general background knowledge of the various types and capabilities of the forecasting methods already in use, so that he might then be in a position to evaluate for himself the validity of the rather astonishing empirical correlation that is to follow, and to appraise the forecast that its interpretation suggests for the future of farm prices over the years immediately ahead.

It is absurd to speak of philosophy as a superior enterprise to sociology, since the former is a logical, rational discipline, where sociology is essentially descriptive and empirical.

It is a commonplace that to the degree these special preserves of past philosophic hunting grounds establish an empirical content and suitable methodological criteria, they move away from philosophy as such.

The dissection of scientific theory, the examination of a theory from the vantage-points of language, epistemology, and ethics, is itself a distinct contribution to knowledge, no less so because of its removal from empirical research.

Since I have already discussed his moral position, that discussion is incorporated by reference into the following pages, which will focus on the empirical and analytic side of Fromm's treatment.

The point is that in a system such as Fromm's which recognizes unconscious motivations, and which rests on certain ethical absolutes, empirical data can be used to support whatever proposition the writer is urging at the moment.

This sort of manipulation is especially troublesome in Fromm's work because, although his system is derived largely from certain philosophic convictions, he asserts that it is based on empirical findings drawn both from social science and from his own consulting room.

One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical.

After 25 years of parapsychological research, Susan Blackmore came to the conclusion that there is no empirical evidence for an afterlife.

This ensures that ΔG and ΔH are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that the equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one which evolves the greatest amount of heat, i. e. an actual process is the most exothermic one.

This seems to pose a serious problem for the empirical account, though Hume brushes it aside as an exceptional case by stating that one may experience a novel idea that itself is derived from combinations of previous impressions.

True to his empirical thesis, Hume tells the reader that, though testimony does have some force, it is never quite as powerful as the direct evidence of the senses.

Though Rudolf Steiner studied natural science at the Vienna Technical University at the undergraduate level, his doctorate was in epistemology and very little of his work is directly concerned with the empirical sciences.

Most models for reconstruction assume that the tip is a spherical object, and utilise empirical corrections to stereographic projection to convert detector positions back to a 2D surface embedded in R < sup > 3 </ sup >.

* or for relying on a complex empirical process of investigation that is poorly understood and only recently embarked upon.

Turing-scale robotics is an empirical branch of research on embodied cognition and situated cognition

Although the perception by the public may be that the " central bank " controls some or all interest rates and currency rates, economic theory ( and substantial empirical evidence ) shows that it is impossible to do both at once in an open economy.

A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2: 1 ( as in water ); in other words, with the empirical formula.