One common tactic among consequentialists, particularly those committed to an altruistic ( selfless ) account of consequentialism, is to employ an ideal, neutral observer from which moral judgements can be made.

John Rawls, a critic of utilitarianism, argues that utilitarianism, in common with other forms of consequentialism, relies on the perspective of such an ideal observer.

The particular characteristics of this ideal observer can vary from an omniscient observer, who would grasp all the consequences of any action, to an ideally informed observer, who knows as much as could reasonably be expected, but not necessarily all the circumstances or all the possible consequences.

In practice, it is very difficult, and at times arguably impossible, to adopt the point of view of an ideal observer.

**** Ideal observer theory holds that what is right is determined by the attitudes that a hypothetical ideal observer would have.

Universalist theories are generally forms of moral realism, though exceptions exists, such as the subjectivist ideal observer and divine command theories, and the non-cognitivist universal prescriptivism of R. M.

There are exceptions within subjectivism however, such as ideal observer theory, which implies that moral facts may be known through a rational process, and individualist ethical subjectivism, which holds that moral facts are merely personal opinions and so may be known only through introspection.

A moral rationalist may adhere to any number of different semantic theories as well ; moral realism is compatible with rationalism, and the subjectivist ideal observer theory and noncognitivist universal prescriptivism both entail it.

The ideal for the general secretary, writes Soviet émigré observer Michael Voslensky, " is to be overlord of vassals selected by oneself.

When we are ‘ playing God or the ideal observer ’ we use the specific form and we will need to do this when we are deciding what general principles to teach and follow.

Theories which claim that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives ( universal prescriptivism ), the edicts of a god ( divine command theory ), or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being ( ideal observer theory ), are considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, but are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism.

Typically, an observer from our world will journey to another place or time and see one society the author considers ideal, and another representing the worst possible outcome.

In Starhawk's The Fifth Sacred Thing there is no time-travelling observer, but her ideal society is invaded by a neighbouring power embodying evil repression.

In effect, the entire installation adopts the character of the simulacrum or flawed statue: it neglects any ideal form in favor of optimizing its direct appearance to the observer.

Modern applications tend to rely heavily on ideal observer analysis and signal detection theory.

However there are also universalist forms of subjectivism such as ideal observer theory ( which claims that moral propositions are about what attitudes a hypothetical ideal observer would hold ) and divine command theory ( which claims that moral propositions are about what attitudes God holds ).

One may be given the message, then ideal observer decoding generates the codeword.

Note that if all codewords are equally likely to be sent then this scheme is equivalent to ideal observer decoding.

For Plato, `` imitation '' is twice removed from reality, being a poor copy of physical appearance, which in itself is a poor copy of ideal essence.

In short, the fictional private eye is a specialized version of Adam Smith's ideal entrepreneur, the man whose private ambitions must always and everywhere promote the public welfare.

Thus the cocktail party would appear to be the ideal system, but there is one weakness.

Again, Henley's attitude of defiance which colors his ideal of self-mastery is far from characteristic of a Stoic thinker like Marcus Aurelius, whose gentle acquiescence is almost Christian, comparable to the patience expressed in Milton's sonnet on his own blindness.

But the most fundamental objection he has to poets appears in the Tenth Book, and it is derived from his doctrine of ideal forms.

In Plato's mind there is an irresolvable conflict between the poet and the philosopher, because the poet imitates only particular objects and is incapable of rising to the first level of abstraction, much less the highest level of ideal forms.

True reality, of course, is the ideal, and the poet knows nothing of this ; ;

Even in such technical curricula as engineering, the senior is much more likely than the freshman to choose, as an ideal, liberal education over specific vocational preparation.

The old ideal of the independent entrepreneur is extant -- but so is the recognition that the main chance may be in a corporate bureaucracy.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

But the only ideal he can think of is `` Sales ''!!

Many of these aspects will be seen as comparable to those of the ideal detective, but where the detective is active and militant, the jazz musician is passive, almost a victim of society.

Old Chris is my ideal.

The ideal girl -- possessed of talent, poise, intelligence, personality and beauty of face and figure -- is chosen each year to represent Rhode Island.

Minnesota, fabled land of waters, is in itself, ideal vacationland, having within its borders 10,000 lakes!!

The great absorbency of this tissue and the fact that it is easier to control than a sponge makes it an ideal tool for the watercolorist.

It is appropriate to call attention to certain thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas that are analogous to rubber-like deformation.

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on temperature only and is independent of pressure or volume.

In other words, if an ideal gas is compressed and kept at constant temperature, the work done in compressing it is completely converted into heat and transferred to the surrounding heat sink.

From the Shockley ideal diode equation given above, it might appear that the voltage has a positive temperature coefficient ( at a constant current ), but usually the variation of the reverse saturation current term is more significant than the variation in the thermal voltage term.

This efficiency is usually derived using an ideal imaginary heat engine such as the Carnot heat engine, although other engines using different cycles can also attain maximum efficiency.

The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration.

Information is broken into chunks, and an algorithm ( usually computer software ) organises the user's reading and calculates the ideal time for the reader to review each chunk.

The ratio of the runner velocity u to the ideal jet velocity √( 2gh ) is usually denoted φ.

While the two protagonists are separated, one or both of them usually realizes that they are ideal for each other, or that they are in love with each other.

This phase is usually hexagonal ( ideal ) or trigonal ( distorted ) and can be viewed as being due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of ( 111 ) planes of atoms.

There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research.

The historical blancmange originated some time in the Middle Ages and usually consisted of capon or chicken, milk or almond milk, rice and sugar and was considered to be an ideal food for the sick.

Because dielectric materials usually contain minute defects, the practical dielectric strength will be a fraction of the intrinsic dielectric strength of an ideal, defect-free, material.

The noise figure is the difference in decibels ( dB ) between the noise output of the actual receiver to the noise output of an “ ideal ” receiver with the same overall gain and bandwidth when the receivers are connected to matched sources at the standard noise temperature ( usually 290 K ).

Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials.

It is a fact that the ring is a principal ideal ring ; that is, for any ideal I in, there exists an integer n in I such that every element of I is a multiple of n. Conversely, the set of all multiples of an arbitrary integer n is necessarily an ideal, and is usually denoted by ( n ).

So a glucose tablet is ideal, a candy bar or pastry is not ( both contain fat in addition to starch and usually sugar ).

It is common, especially in engineering applications, to represent the ideal gas constant by the symbol R. In such cases, the universal gas constant is usually given a different symbol such as < u style =" font-style: italic ; text-decoration: overline "> R </ u > to distinguish it.

The troubadour's model of the ideal lady was the wife of his employer or lord, a lady of higher status, usually the rich and powerful female head of the castle.

Most sources in condemning the practice seem to be referring to a wide, slow, perceptible oscillation in pitch, usually associated with intense emotion, whereas the ideal for modern vibrato, and possibly in earlier times as well, was to imitate the natural timbre of the adult singing voice, from which a measure of vibrato ( it has since been shown ) is rarely absent.

Religious thinking tends to be some form of idealism, as God usually becomes the highest ideal ( such as Neoplatonism ).

These devices are low-powered as not much power can be drawn from the line, but a state-of-the-art receiver could be located as far away as ten kilometers under ideal conditions, though usually located much closer.

Linearity is usually measured in terms of a deviation, or non-linearity, from an ideal straight line and it is typically expressed in terms of percent of full scale, or in ppm ( parts per million ) of full scale.

That is, the ideal characteristic is usually a straight line ; INL shows how much the actual voltage at a given code value differs from that line, in LSBs ( 1 LSB steps ).

Aaru usually was placed in the east, where the Sun rises, and is described as eternal reed fields, very much like those of the earthly Nile delta: an ideal hunting and fishing ground, and hence, those deceased who, after judgment, were allowed to reside there, were often called the eternally living.