The use of acellular human or animal dermal grafts have been described as an onlay patch to increase coverage of the implant when the pectoral muscle is released, which purports to improve both functional and aesthtic outcomes of implant-expander breast reconstruction.

This process frequently results in an increase in regional surface temperatures of the breast.

Higher levels of carotenoid increase the intensity of the yellow of the breast its colour, and also enable the sperm to better withstand the onslaught of free radicals.

This may increase the total cost of the breast pump.

These task force reports point out that in addition to unnecessary surgery and anxiety, the risks of more frequent mammograms include a small but significant increase in breast cancer induced by radiation.

Parallel-plate compression evens out the thickness of breast tissue to increase image quality by reducing the thickness of tissue that x-rays must penetrate, decreasing the amount of scattered radiation ( scatter degrades image quality ), reducing the required radiation dose, and holding the breast still ( preventing motion blur ).

In 2009, an update including 5 more years ( up to 1996 ) found the expected increase in " lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue neoplasms " and increased breast cancer.

Fenugreek seed is widely used as a galactagogue ( milk producing agent ) by nursing mothers to increase inadequate breast milk supply.

A 2008 study stated that no scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that deodorants and / or antiperspirants increase the incidence of breast cancer.

A 2008 study stated that no scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that deodorants and / or antiperspirants increase the incidence of breast cancer.

Because of the very short time between presentation of mastitis and breast cancer in this study it is considered very unlikely that the inflammation had any substantial role in carcinogenesis, rather it would appear that some precancerous lesions may increase the risk of inflammation ( hyperplasia causing duct obstruction, hypersensitivity to cytokines or hormones ) or the lesions may have common predisposing factors.

Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker and vasodilator, was recommended to increase blood flow to the extremities and noticeably relieved pain to the breast in an extremely small study group.

Although seven studies have statistically connected a woman ’ s undergoing a breast augmentation procedure to a greater suicide-rate, the research indicates that augmenation surgery does not increase the suicide death-rate ; and that, in the first instance, it is the psychopathologically-inclined woman who is likelier to undergo breast augmentation.

Moreover, the study Effect of Breast Augmentation Mammoplasty on Self-Esteem and Sexuality: A Quantitative Analysis ( 2007 ), reported that the women attributed their improved self-esteem, self-image, and increased, satisfactory sexual functioning to having undergone breast augmentation ; the cohort, aged 21 – 57 years, averaged post-operative self-esteem increases ranging from 20. 7 to 24. 9 points on the 30-point Rosenberg self-esteem scale, which data supported the 78. 6 % increase in the woman ’ s libido, relative to her pre-operative level of libido.

The long-term study of 25, 000 women, Mortality among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants ( 2006 ), reported that the “ findings suggest that breast implants do not directly increase mortality in women .”

Moreover, although fat grafting to the breast parenchyma usually is minimal, it is performed to increase the degree of projection of the bust.

The breast volume ( size ) of all 17 women increased throughout the 10-week treatment period, the greatest increment was at week 10 ( final treatment ) — the average volume increase was 98 +/– 67 % over the initial breast-size measures.

The stable, long-term increase in breast size was 55 % ( range 15 – 115 %).

At 6-months post-procedure, each woman had a significant increase in breast volume, ranging 60 – 200 %, per the MRI ( n = 12 ) examinations.

The breast-volume data reported in Breast Augmentation with Autologous Fat Grafting: A Clinical Radiological Study ( 2010 ) indicated a mean increase of 1. 2-times the initial breast volume, at 6-months post-procedure.

Each woman had an increased breast volume of 250 cm < sup > 3 </ sup > per breast, a mean volume increase confirmed by quantitative MRI analysis.

McCullough and Farah also state that the risk of acquiring cancer rises almost five times for users of alcohol-containing mouthwash who neither smoke nor drink ( with a higher rate of increase for those who do ).

Yinka Ebo of Cancer Research UK disputed the findings, concluding that " there is still not enough evidence to suggest that using mouthwash that contains alcohol will increase the risk of mouth cancer ".

Part of this pathway includes alpha-interferon and beta-interferon, which induce transcription of the p53 gene and result in the increase of p53 protein level and enhancement of cancer cell-apoptosis.

Even though alcoholism can increase the risk of liver cancer, studies have shown that a moderate consumption of alcohol ( 1 serving / day for women and 2 servings / day for men ) does not affect diabetes Type II greatly.

Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk.

Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates heterocyclic amines ( HCAs ), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans.

However, all this metaplasia does increase the risk of cancer in this area-the transformation zone is the most common area for cervical cancer to occur.

Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors.

An article on the American Cancer Society says that The Cancer Research Campaign has called for warning labels on β-carotene supplements to caution smokers that such supplements may increase the risk of lung cancer.

This is why ultraviolet at all wavelengths can damage DNA, and is capable of causing cancer, and ( for UVB ) skin burns ( sunburn ) which are far worse than would be produced by simple heating ( temperature increase ) effects.

It is however often difficult to identify the specific components in diet that serve to increase or decrease cancer risk since many food, such as beef steak and broccoli, contain low concentrations of both carcinogens and anticarcinogens.

In 2006, a research study at Malmö University's Faculty of Odontology suggested that performing unprotected oral sex on a person infected with HPV might increase the risk of oral cancer.

Leukemia ( American English ) or leukaemia ( British English ) ( from the Greek leukos λευκός " white ", and haima αἷμα " blood ") is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called " blasts ".

The environmental consequence of this discovery was that, since stratospheric ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet-B ( UV-B ) radiation reaching the surface of the planet, depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs would lead to an in increase in UV-B radiation at the surface, resulting in an increase in skin cancer and other impacts such as damage to crops and to marine phytoplankton.

This is particularly valuable in cancer research, as it results in an increase in the statistical quality of the data ( subjects can act as their own control ) and substantially reduces the numbers of animals required for a given study.

If such contaminated dust is inhaled, these particles can stick to the airways of the lung and increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

# DNA repair proteins are usually classified as tumor suppressors as well, as mutations in such their genes increase the risk of cancer, for example mutations in HNPCC, MEN1 and BRCA.

Since the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun, ozone layer depletion is expected to increase surface UVB levels, which could lead to damage, including increase in skin cancer.

Studies have found tobacco and caustic lime increase the risk of cancer from areca nut preparations.

However, increased dosage raises increase the adverse side effects, including the risk of radiation induced cancer — a four-phase abdominal CT gives the same radiation dose as 300 chest x-rays ( See the Scan dose section ).

Indications of an increase in oral cancer are present in some studies, but have only very rarely been statistically significant.