# The nuclear envelope becomes discontinuous and the DNA inside it is fragmented in a process referred to as karyorrhexis.

# DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes ; the " beads on a string " structure ( euchromatin ).

# Higher-level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome ( during mitosis and meiosis ).

# Simple and concise definition: Chromatin is DNA plus the proteins ( and RNA ) that package DNA within the cell nucleus.

# A biochemists ’ operational definition: Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei.

# The DNA + histone

# A eukaryotic cell transcribes the DNA ( from genes ) into RNA ( pre-mRNA ).

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

# To synthesize an additional DNA strand, you need to digest the RNA of the hybrid strand, using an enzyme like RNase H.

# After digestion of the RNA, a single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) is left and because single stranded nucleic acids are hydrophobic, it tends to loop around itself.

# From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.

# REDIRECT DNA

# REDIRECT DNA microarray

# The DNA passes through a separate sugar transport protein ( ptsG ) in the inner membrane, and immediately circularises using the cos sites, 12-base G-C rich cohesive " sticky ends ".

# Host DNA gyrase puts negative supercoils in the circular chromosome, causing A-T rich regions to unwind and drive transcription.

# The host cell, containing a dormant phage genome, experiences DNA damage due to a high stress environment, and starts to undergo the SOS response.

# RecA ( a cellular protein ) detects DNA damage and becomes activated.

# Normally RecA * binds LexA ( a transcription repressor ), activating LexA auto-protease activity, which destroys LexA repressor allowing production of DNA repair proteins.

# Cleaved cI can no longer dimerise, and loses its affinity for DNA binding.

# The phage genome is still inserted in the host genome and needs excision for DNA replication to occur.

# C-terminal involved in downregulation of DNA binding of the central domain: residues 356-393.

# Complementary DNA then binds to the U5 ( non-coding region ) and R region ( a direct repeat found at both ends of the RNA molecule ) of the viral RNA

# The primer then ‘ jumps ’ to the 3 ’ end of the viral genome and the newly synthesised DNA strands hybridizes to the complementary R region on the RNA

# The first strand of complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is extended and the majority of viral RNA is degraded by RNAse H

# Exploratory laparotomy – may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or malignant disease, or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs.

Animation ( temporarily disabled ; see Talk: Pleiades # Animated stereo image needs " repair " | Talk page ) of proper motion in 400, 000 years ( cross-eyed viewing Image: Stereogram guide cross-eyed. png | 10px )

# The body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms, having the inherent capacity to defend, repair, and remodel itself.

# REDIRECT Home repair

# For material — all supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.

# A repair mission, consisting of Leonid Kizim, Oleg Makarov, and Gennady Strekalov ( Soyuz T-3 ) worked on the space station for 12 days starting on 27 November 1980.

# Travel and Camp on Durable Surfaces: Damage to land occurs when surface vegetation or communities of organisms are trampled beyond repair.

# Corneal stroma ( also substantia propria ): a thick, transparent middle layer, consisting of regularly arranged collagen fibers along with sparsely distributed interconnected keratocytes, which are the cells for general repair and maintenance.

# Ease of repair

# REDIRECT Maintenance, repair, and operations

# Making copies of software in order to repair or maintain machines, provided that the copies used in repairing the machine is destroyed after the repair or maintenance is complete.

# Encourage young persons to acknowledge and repair the harm caused to the victim / community.

Frank P. Cotter developed a " simple self sealing check valve, adapted to be connected in the pipe connections without requiring special fittings and which may be readily opened for inspection or repair " 1907 ( U. S. patent # 865, 631 ).

# Knee arthroscopy repair of both menisci

# A 5 ' -> 3 ' ( forward ) exonuclease activity mediating nick translation during DNA repair.

Grimlock was seen among the Autobots being repaired on the Ark when Optimus Prime sent Landmine and Cloudburst on their mission to obtain computer chips to repair fellow Autobots in issue # 52, " Guess Who The Mechannibals Are Having For Dinner?

# Also, later in a building's life after conversion, major new investments required to repair or replace building systems can be raised by a new central mortgage in a cooperative, while in a condominium funds could only be raised by onerous assessments being required of each individual unit owner.

Ocoee # 2 dam diverted water, from the middle section of the river, through the flume, until a 2010 rock slide washed out part of the flume, which is currently under repair.

# Captain William Bainbridge, USN, reported the surrender of HM frigate Java to USS Constitution on 29 December 1812 by the following minutes taken during the action: " At 4. 5 Having silenced the fire of the enemy completely and his colours in main Rigging being Supposed he had Struck, Then hawl'd about the Courses to shoot ahead to repair our rigging, which was extremely cut, leaving the enemy a complete wreck, soon after discovered that The enemies flag was still flying hove too to repair Some of our damages.

# The ability to de-stress the tendons before attempting repair work.

# Base excision repair ( BER ), which repairs damage to a single base caused by oxidation, alkylation, hydrolysis, or deamination.